Plättchenfunktionstests zum Monitoring der Azetylsalizylsäuretherapie

Zusammenfassung

Mehrere Studien mit verschiedenen Plättchenfunktionstests (PFT) zeigten, dass Subgruppen von Patienten unter Azetylsalizylsäure(ASS)-Therapie den erwarteten plättchenfunktionshemmenden Effekt vermissen lassen. Dieses Phänomen wird ebenso wie das klinische Versagen einer ASS-Prophylaxe als ASS-Resistenz (AR) oder Nichtansprechen (nonresponsiveness) auf ASS bezeichnet. Mithilfe von PFT lassen sich mehrere Subtypen unterscheiden. Zur Charakterisierung einer AR wurden bislang folgende PFT herangezogen: optische Aggregometrie, Vollblut-Aggregometrie, Plättchenfunktionsanalyzer PFA-100, Plättchenreaktivitätsindex, Durchflusszytometrie und die Ausscheidung von Metaboliten des Thromboxans B₂ im Urin oder die Thromboxan-B₂-Generation in plättchenreichem Plasma. Eine komplizierte Präanalytik und Analytik sowie unspezifische Störeinflüsse und schlechte Reproduzierbarkeit schränken ihre Anwendung in der klinischen Routine erheblich ein. Darüber hinaus sind unterschiedliche PFT offenbar nicht austauschbar im Hinblick auf die Beurteilung einer AR. Drei prospektive klinische Studien wiesen eine Assoziation zwischen einer vermeintlichen, laboranalytisch festgestellten AR und kardiovaskulären Ereignissen nach. Daher besteht dringender Bedarf an einem einfachen und reproduzierbaren Test, der zuverlässig die individuelle klinische Wirksamkeit einer Therapie mit Plättchenfunktionshemmern anzeigt. Keiner der aktuell verfügbaren PFT einschließlich des PFA-100-Systems wird gegenwärtig diesem Anspruch gerecht.

Summary

Several studies have demonstrated with the use platelet function tests (PFT) that subgroups of patients under acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) fail to produce the anticipated antiplatelet effect. This phenomenon as well as the clinical failure of ASA to protect patients from thromboembolic complications has been termed ASA resistance (AR) or ASA nonresponsiveness. Several subtypes of AR can be distinguished by PFT. The following PFT were used to characterize AR: optical aggregometry, platelet aggregation in whole blood, platelet function analyzer (PFA-100), platelet reactivity test or platelet aggregate ratio, flow cytometry and thromboxane B₂ generation. All PFT have in common that their widespread clinical use is substantially limited due to complex preanalytic factors, reduced specificity and poor reproducibility. PFT are not interchangeable for monitoring antiplatelet treatment. Three prospective clinical trials revealed a possible relationship between AR and subsequent cardiovascular events. There is a need for a simple and reliable assay for predicting the clinical efficacy of antiplatelet therapy. Recent data demonstrate that none of the currently available assays including the PFA-100 system are capable to accomplish these objectives.

Schlüsselwörter

Azetylsalizylsäure - Azetylsalizylsäureresistenz - Plättchenfunktionstests

Keywords

Acetylsalicylic acid - acetylsalicylic acid resistance - platelet function tests

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