Neurobiologische Aspekte körperlicher Aktivität

Zusammenfassung

Körperliche Aktivität, speziell regelmäßiges Ausdauertraining, nimmt positiven Einfluss nicht nur auf Körpergewicht, Herz-Kreislaufsystem und Bewegungsapparat, sondern auch auf den ZNS-Metabolismus. Über muskuläre Aktivität werden neurogenerative, neuroadaptive und neuroprotektive Mechanismen in Gang gesetzt. Tierexperimentelle Daten sprechen dafür, dass die erwähnten Vorgänge vor allem über neurotrophe Faktoren vermittelt werden. Auf funktioneller Ebene konnten tierexperimentell positive Effekte auf Lern- und Gedächtnisleistungen demonstriert werden. Im Bereich der Humanbiologie gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass körperliche Aktivität präventive und therapeutische Relevanz für die Adipositas und assoziierte Störungen wie beispielsweise metabolisches Syndrom, Typ-II-Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen hat, aber auch für Krebserkrankungen sowie depressive und demenzielle Syndrome. Welche metabolischen und neuronalen Vorgänge und Wechselwirkungen zwischen aktivierter Muskulatur und ZNS zu den experimentell belegten neuro- und psychotropen Effekten führen, ist noch nicht hinreichend geklärt. Offen ist auch, über welche Mechanismen eine autonome Regulation der Motilität vonstatten geht.

Summary

Physical activity, especially aerobic endurance training, not only positively influences body weight, the cardiovascular and the musculoskeletal system but has also favourable effects on CNS metabolism. By means of muscular activity neurogenerative, neuroadaptive as well as neuroprotective modes of action are initiated. Animal experimental data suggest that these mechanisms are mediated by neurotrophic factors while favourable effects have most of all been demonstrated with regard to learning and memory performance. Concerning human beings, there is evidence that physical activity may be of preventive and therapeutic value regarding conditions like obesity, the metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases on the one hand as well as even malignant neoplasms, dementias and depressive syndromes on the other. The exact nature of the underlying metabolic and neural interactions between activated muscles and the CNS are still unknown, as are the mechanisms accounting for autonomic regulation of spontaneous motor activity.

Schlüsselwörter

Körperliche Aktivität - Neurobiologie - Neurotrophine

Keywords

Activity - neurobiology - neurotrophines

• Literatur

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