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CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Nervenheilkunde 2018; 37(01/02): 73-80
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642081
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642081
Geist & Gehirn
Arm im Darm
Microbiom, Mangelernährung und mehr[1]Further Information
MissingLinkText
1 Den Anstoß zu den Recherchen für diese kleine Übersicht gab ein Vortrag (Presidential Lecture) des an der Washington University in St. Louis arbeitenden US-amerikanischen Mikrobiologen Jeffrey Ivan Gordon (*1947) auf dem Kongress der Society for Neuroscience in Washington, DC, am 13.11.2017 (21). Herr Gordon arbeitet seit über 20 Jahren zum Mikrobiom von Tier und Mensch. Studien aus seiner Arbeitsgruppe leisteten einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Aufklärung der Bedeutung der Darmflora für Gesundheit und Krankheit. Mich würde nicht wundern, wenn er irgendwann den Nobelpreis für Medizin bekäme.
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Literatur
- 1 Ahmed T, Ali M, Ullah MM, Choudhury IA, Haque ME, Salam MA, Rabbani GH, Suskind RM, Fuchs GJ. Mortality in severely malnourished children with diarrhoea and use of a standardised management protocol. Lancet 1999; 353: 1919-1922.
- 2 Anders SA. Wer eine kaputte Darmflora mit dem Kot anderer Menschen kurieren will, geht ein Risiko ein Die Ekeltherapie. Berliner Zeitung, 3.5.2011 https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/15052044
- 3 Anonymus. Parasite makes mosquitoes hunt out humans. New Scientist 2017; 236 (3151): 20.
- 4 Ansaloni L, Catena F, Pinna AD. What is the function of the human vermiform appendix? Evolution-based surgery: a new perspective in the Darwinian year 2009. Eur Surg Res 2009; 43: 67-71.
- 5 Bakker GJ, Nieuwdorp M. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Therapeutic Potential for a Multitude of Diseases beyond Clostridium difficile. Microbiol Spectr. 2017 05. (04): doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0008–2017.
- 6 Barratt MJ, Lebrilla C, Shapiro HY, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota, food science, and human nutrition: A timely marriage. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22: 134-141.
- 7 Bashan A, Gibson TE, Friedman J, Carey VJ, Weiss ST, Hohmann EL, Liu YY. Universality of human microbial dynamics. Nature 2016; 534: 259-262.
- 8 Bergman EN. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiol Rev 1990; 70: 567-590.
- 9 Bharwani A, Mian MF, Surette MG, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P. Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates behavioural deficits and immune changes in chronic social stress. BMC Med 2017; 15: 7.
- 10 Bjørkhaug ST, Skar V, Medhus AW, Tollisen A, Bramness JG, Valeur J. Chronic alcohol overconsumption may alter gut microbial metabolism: a retrospective study of 719 13C-D-xylose breath test results. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease. 2017 28. 1301725.
- 11 Bouter KE, van Raalte DH, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M. Role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 1671-1678.
- 12 Chambers ES, Viardot A, Psichas A. et al. Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut 2015; 64: 1744-1754.
- 13 Collins FS. et al. A vision for the future of genomics research: A blueprint for the genomic era. Nature 2003; 422: 1-13.
- 14 David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, Biddinger SB, Dutton RJ, Turnbaugh PJ. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014; 505: 559-563.
- 15 Donaldson GP, Lee SM, Mazmanian SK. Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14: 20-32.
- 16 Erny D, de Angelis ALH, Jaitin D, Wieghofer P, Staszewski O, David E. et al. Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS. Nat Neurosci 2015; 08: 965-977.
- 17 Flint HJ. Gut microbial metabolites in health and disease. Gut Microbes 2016; 07: 187-188.
- 18 Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20: 145-155.
- 19 Gannett L. The Human Genome Project. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N Zalta https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/human-genome/
- 20 Gérard P. Gut microbiome and obesity. How to prove causality?. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14 (Suppl. 05) S354-S356.
- 21 Gordon JI. The gut microbiota and childhood undernutrition: Looking at human development from a microbiological perspective. Presidential Lecture gehalten am Montag, den 13.11.2017 von 17.15 bis 18.30 Uhr, auf dem Jahreskongress der Society for Neuroscience in Washington, DC.
- 22 Green JM, Barratt MJ, Kinch M, Gordon JI. Food and microbiota in the FDA regulatory framework. Science 2017; 357: 39-40.
- 23 Hibberd MC, Wu M, Rodionov DA, Li X, Cheng J, Griffin NW, Barratt MJ, Giannone RJ, Hettich RL, Osterman AL, Gordon JI. The effects of micronutrient deficiencies on bacterial species from the human gut microbiota. Sci Transl Med. 2017 09. (390) pii: eaal4069.
- 24 Jayasinghe TN, Chiavaroli V, Holland DJ, Cutfield WS, O’Sullivan JM. The new era of treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders: Evidence and expectations for gut microbiome Transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 06: 15.
- 25 Jones RM. The influence of the gut microbiota on host physiology: In pursuit of mechanisms. Yale J Biol Med 2016; 89: 285-297.
- 26 Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te AAVelde. The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186: 1-9.
- 27 Le Roy T, Llopis M, Lepage P, Bruneau A, Rabot S, Bevilacqua C, Martin P, Philippe C, Walker F, Bado A, Perlemuter G, Cassard-Doulcier AM, Gérard P. Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Gut 2013; 62: 1787-1794.
- 28 Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the Human Intestine. Cell 2006; 124: 837-848.
- 29 Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006; 444: 1022-1023.
- 30 Lima-Ojeda JM, Rupprecht R, Baghai TC. “I Am I and My Bacterial Circumstances”: Linking gut microbiome, neurodevelopment, and depression. Front Psychiatry 2017; 08: 153.
- 31 Lin CA, Boslaugh S, Ciliberto HM, Maleta K, Ashorn P, Briend A, Manary MJ. A prospective assessment of food and nutrient intake in a population of Malawian children at risk for kwashiorkor. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 487-493.
- 32 Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18: 2.
- 33 Lloyd-Price J, Mahurkar A, Rahnavard G, Crabtree J, Orvis J, Hall AB, Brady A, Creasy HH, McCracken C, Giglio MG, McDonald D, Franzosa EA, Knight R, White O, Huttenhower C. Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded Human Microbiome Project. Nature 2017; 550: 61-66.
- 34 Lübbert C, Salzberger B, Mössner J. Fäkaler Mikrobiomtransfer. Der Internist 2017; 58: 456-468.
- 35 Marotz CA, Zarrinpar A. Treating obesity and metabolic syndrome with fecal microbiota transplantation. Yale J Biol Med 2016; 89: 383-388.
- 36 McNeil NI. The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39: 338-342.
- 37 Minalyan A, Gabrielyan L, Scott D, Jacobs J, Pisegna JR. The gastric and intestinal microbiome: Role of proton pump inhibitors. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017; 19: 42.
- 38 Monda V, Villano I, Messina A, Valenzano A, Esposito T, Moscatelli F, Viggiano A, Cibelli G, Chieffi S, Monda M, Messina G. Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017 3831972; doi: 10.1155/2017/3831972.
- 39 Moreno-Indias I, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, GarcíaFuentes E, Cardona F, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Tinahones FJ. Insulin resistance is associated with specific gut microbiota in appendix samples from morbidly obese patients. Am J Transl Res 2016; 08: 5672-5684.
- 40 Park L, Tzimas D, Price J, Mone A, Hirsh J, Poles M, Malter L, Chen LA. Perceptions of fecal microbiota transplantation: factors that predict acceptance. In: JW Freston Conference. 2016 http://www.gastro.org/pressroom/James_W._Freston_Abstract_Factors_that_Predict_Acceptance.pdf
- 41 Psichas A, Sleeth ML, Murphy KG, Brooks L, Bewick GA, Hanyaloglu AC, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Frost G. The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. International Journal of Obesity 2015; 39: 424-429.
- 42 Rijkers GT, de Vos WM, Brummer R-J, Morelli L, Corthier G, Marteau P. Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: bridging science and marketing. British Journal of Nutrition 2011; 106: 1291-1296.
- 43 Salminen S, van Loveren H. Probiotics and prebiotics: health claim substantiation. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2012; 23: 18568.
- 44 Samuel BS, Gordon JI. A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host-archaeal bacterial mutualism. PNAS 2006; 103: 10011-10016.
- 45 Sanduzzi MZamparelli, Compare D, Coccoli P, Rocco A, Nardone OM, Marrone G, Gasbarrini A, Grieco A, Nardone G, Miele L. The metabolic role of gut microbiota in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 17 pii: E1225.
- 46 Schroeder BO, Bäckhed F. Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease. Nat Med 2016; 22: 1079-1089.
- 47 Scott A. Menace in the microbiota. Nature 2017; 551: S94-S95.
- 48 Selber-Hnatiw S, Rukundo B, Ahmadi M. et al. Human gut microbiota: Toward an ecology of disease. Frontiers in Microbiology 2017; 08: 1265.
- 49 Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 2016; 14 (08) e1002533.
- 50 Serino M, Fernández-Real JM, García-Fuentes E, Queipo-Ortuño M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Sánchez A, Burcelin R, Tinahones F. The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50: 753-761.
- 51 Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. J Evol Biol 2009; 22: 1984-1999.
- 52 Smith MI, Yatsunenko T, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Mkakosya R, Cheng J, Kau AL, Rich SS, Concannon P, Mychaleckyj JC, Liu J, Houpt E, Li JV, Holmes E, Nicholson J, Knights D, Ursell LK, Knight R, Gordon JI. Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science 2013; 339: 548-554.
- 53 Spitzer M. Armut macht dumm. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 252-261.
- 54 Spitzer M. Stunting: Gehirnentwicklung, Status und Statur. Zur Bedeutung der ersten tausend Tage im Leben eines Menschen. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 516-518.
- 55 Spitzer M. Protozoen und Persönlichkeitsstörungen, die Psychiatrie und der Ursprung der Menschheit. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 341-350.
- 56 Tasnim N, Abulizi N, Pither J, Hart MM, Gibson DL. Linking the gut microbial ecosystem with the environment: Does gut health depend on where we live?. Front Microbiol 2017; 08: 1935.
- 57 The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486: 207-214.
- 58 The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 2012; 486: 215-221.
- 59 Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J 2017; 474: 1823-1836.
- 60 Tognini P. Gut microbiota: A potential regulator of neurodevelopment. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11: 25.
- 61 Vantaux A, Yao F, Hien DF, Guissou E, Yameogo BK, Gouagna L-C, Fontenille D, Renaud F, Simard F, Costantini C, Thomas F, Mouline K, Roche B, Cohuet A, Dabiré KR, Lefèvre T. Field evidence for manipulation of mosquito host selection by the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. bioRxiv first online, Oct. 21, 2017 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/207183 .
- 62 Vassallo G, Mirijello A, Ferrulli A, Antonelli M, Landolfi R, Gasbarrini A, Addolorato G. Review article: Alcohol and gut microbiota – the possible role of gut microbiota modulation in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 917-927.
- 63 Venter JC. et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science 2001; 291: 1304-1351.
- 64 Vogt NM, Kerby RL, Dill-McFarland KA, Harding SJ, Merluzzi AP, Johnson SC, Carlsson CM, Asthana S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Bendlin BB, Rey FE. Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep 2017; 07: 13537.
- 65 Wang H, Lee IS, Braun C, Enck P. Effect of probiotics on central nervous system functions in animals and humans: A Systematic Review. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22: 589-605.
- 66 Wang S, Xu M, Wang W, Cao X, Piao M, Khan S, Yan F, Cao H, Wang B. Systematic Review: Adverse events of fecal microbiota transplantation. PLoS ONE 2016; 11 (08) e0161174.
- 67 Williams CD, Oxon BM, Lond H. Kwashiorkor: A nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. The Lancet 1935; 226: 1151-1152.
- 68 Woodworth MH, Neish EM, Miller NS, Dhere T, Burd EM, Carpentieri C, Sitchenko KL, Kraft CS. Laboratory testing of donors and stool samples for fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55: 1002-1010.
- 69 Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 2011; 334: 105-108.
- 70 Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP, Heath AC, Warner B, Reeder J, Kuczynski J, Caporaso JG, Lozupone CA, Lauber C, Clemente JC, Knights D, Knight R, Gordon JI. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012; 486: 222-227.
- 71 Zhang YG, Wu S, Yi J, Xia Y, Jin D, Zhou J, Sun J. Target intestinal microbiota to alleviate disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Ther 2017; 39: 322-336.
- 72 Subramanian S. et al. Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children. Nature 2014; 510: 417-421.
- 73 Qin J. et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010; 464: 59-65.
Korrespondenzadresse
Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Spitzer
Universitätsklinikum Ulm
Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie III
Leimgrubenweg 12
89075 Ulm
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Literatur
- 1 Ahmed T, Ali M, Ullah MM, Choudhury IA, Haque ME, Salam MA, Rabbani GH, Suskind RM, Fuchs GJ. Mortality in severely malnourished children with diarrhoea and use of a standardised management protocol. Lancet 1999; 353: 1919-1922.
- 2 Anders SA. Wer eine kaputte Darmflora mit dem Kot anderer Menschen kurieren will, geht ein Risiko ein Die Ekeltherapie. Berliner Zeitung, 3.5.2011 https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/15052044
- 3 Anonymus. Parasite makes mosquitoes hunt out humans. New Scientist 2017; 236 (3151): 20.
- 4 Ansaloni L, Catena F, Pinna AD. What is the function of the human vermiform appendix? Evolution-based surgery: a new perspective in the Darwinian year 2009. Eur Surg Res 2009; 43: 67-71.
- 5 Bakker GJ, Nieuwdorp M. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Therapeutic Potential for a Multitude of Diseases beyond Clostridium difficile. Microbiol Spectr. 2017 05. (04): doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0008–2017.
- 6 Barratt MJ, Lebrilla C, Shapiro HY, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota, food science, and human nutrition: A timely marriage. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22: 134-141.
- 7 Bashan A, Gibson TE, Friedman J, Carey VJ, Weiss ST, Hohmann EL, Liu YY. Universality of human microbial dynamics. Nature 2016; 534: 259-262.
- 8 Bergman EN. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiol Rev 1990; 70: 567-590.
- 9 Bharwani A, Mian MF, Surette MG, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P. Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates behavioural deficits and immune changes in chronic social stress. BMC Med 2017; 15: 7.
- 10 Bjørkhaug ST, Skar V, Medhus AW, Tollisen A, Bramness JG, Valeur J. Chronic alcohol overconsumption may alter gut microbial metabolism: a retrospective study of 719 13C-D-xylose breath test results. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease. 2017 28. 1301725.
- 11 Bouter KE, van Raalte DH, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M. Role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 1671-1678.
- 12 Chambers ES, Viardot A, Psichas A. et al. Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut 2015; 64: 1744-1754.
- 13 Collins FS. et al. A vision for the future of genomics research: A blueprint for the genomic era. Nature 2003; 422: 1-13.
- 14 David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, Biddinger SB, Dutton RJ, Turnbaugh PJ. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014; 505: 559-563.
- 15 Donaldson GP, Lee SM, Mazmanian SK. Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14: 20-32.
- 16 Erny D, de Angelis ALH, Jaitin D, Wieghofer P, Staszewski O, David E. et al. Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS. Nat Neurosci 2015; 08: 965-977.
- 17 Flint HJ. Gut microbial metabolites in health and disease. Gut Microbes 2016; 07: 187-188.
- 18 Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20: 145-155.
- 19 Gannett L. The Human Genome Project. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N Zalta https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/human-genome/
- 20 Gérard P. Gut microbiome and obesity. How to prove causality?. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14 (Suppl. 05) S354-S356.
- 21 Gordon JI. The gut microbiota and childhood undernutrition: Looking at human development from a microbiological perspective. Presidential Lecture gehalten am Montag, den 13.11.2017 von 17.15 bis 18.30 Uhr, auf dem Jahreskongress der Society for Neuroscience in Washington, DC.
- 22 Green JM, Barratt MJ, Kinch M, Gordon JI. Food and microbiota in the FDA regulatory framework. Science 2017; 357: 39-40.
- 23 Hibberd MC, Wu M, Rodionov DA, Li X, Cheng J, Griffin NW, Barratt MJ, Giannone RJ, Hettich RL, Osterman AL, Gordon JI. The effects of micronutrient deficiencies on bacterial species from the human gut microbiota. Sci Transl Med. 2017 09. (390) pii: eaal4069.
- 24 Jayasinghe TN, Chiavaroli V, Holland DJ, Cutfield WS, O’Sullivan JM. The new era of treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders: Evidence and expectations for gut microbiome Transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 06: 15.
- 25 Jones RM. The influence of the gut microbiota on host physiology: In pursuit of mechanisms. Yale J Biol Med 2016; 89: 285-297.
- 26 Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te AAVelde. The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186: 1-9.
- 27 Le Roy T, Llopis M, Lepage P, Bruneau A, Rabot S, Bevilacqua C, Martin P, Philippe C, Walker F, Bado A, Perlemuter G, Cassard-Doulcier AM, Gérard P. Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Gut 2013; 62: 1787-1794.
- 28 Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the Human Intestine. Cell 2006; 124: 837-848.
- 29 Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006; 444: 1022-1023.
- 30 Lima-Ojeda JM, Rupprecht R, Baghai TC. “I Am I and My Bacterial Circumstances”: Linking gut microbiome, neurodevelopment, and depression. Front Psychiatry 2017; 08: 153.
- 31 Lin CA, Boslaugh S, Ciliberto HM, Maleta K, Ashorn P, Briend A, Manary MJ. A prospective assessment of food and nutrient intake in a population of Malawian children at risk for kwashiorkor. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 487-493.
- 32 Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18: 2.
- 33 Lloyd-Price J, Mahurkar A, Rahnavard G, Crabtree J, Orvis J, Hall AB, Brady A, Creasy HH, McCracken C, Giglio MG, McDonald D, Franzosa EA, Knight R, White O, Huttenhower C. Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded Human Microbiome Project. Nature 2017; 550: 61-66.
- 34 Lübbert C, Salzberger B, Mössner J. Fäkaler Mikrobiomtransfer. Der Internist 2017; 58: 456-468.
- 35 Marotz CA, Zarrinpar A. Treating obesity and metabolic syndrome with fecal microbiota transplantation. Yale J Biol Med 2016; 89: 383-388.
- 36 McNeil NI. The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39: 338-342.
- 37 Minalyan A, Gabrielyan L, Scott D, Jacobs J, Pisegna JR. The gastric and intestinal microbiome: Role of proton pump inhibitors. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017; 19: 42.
- 38 Monda V, Villano I, Messina A, Valenzano A, Esposito T, Moscatelli F, Viggiano A, Cibelli G, Chieffi S, Monda M, Messina G. Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017 3831972; doi: 10.1155/2017/3831972.
- 39 Moreno-Indias I, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, GarcíaFuentes E, Cardona F, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Tinahones FJ. Insulin resistance is associated with specific gut microbiota in appendix samples from morbidly obese patients. Am J Transl Res 2016; 08: 5672-5684.
- 40 Park L, Tzimas D, Price J, Mone A, Hirsh J, Poles M, Malter L, Chen LA. Perceptions of fecal microbiota transplantation: factors that predict acceptance. In: JW Freston Conference. 2016 http://www.gastro.org/pressroom/James_W._Freston_Abstract_Factors_that_Predict_Acceptance.pdf
- 41 Psichas A, Sleeth ML, Murphy KG, Brooks L, Bewick GA, Hanyaloglu AC, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Frost G. The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. International Journal of Obesity 2015; 39: 424-429.
- 42 Rijkers GT, de Vos WM, Brummer R-J, Morelli L, Corthier G, Marteau P. Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: bridging science and marketing. British Journal of Nutrition 2011; 106: 1291-1296.
- 43 Salminen S, van Loveren H. Probiotics and prebiotics: health claim substantiation. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2012; 23: 18568.
- 44 Samuel BS, Gordon JI. A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host-archaeal bacterial mutualism. PNAS 2006; 103: 10011-10016.
- 45 Sanduzzi MZamparelli, Compare D, Coccoli P, Rocco A, Nardone OM, Marrone G, Gasbarrini A, Grieco A, Nardone G, Miele L. The metabolic role of gut microbiota in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 17 pii: E1225.
- 46 Schroeder BO, Bäckhed F. Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease. Nat Med 2016; 22: 1079-1089.
- 47 Scott A. Menace in the microbiota. Nature 2017; 551: S94-S95.
- 48 Selber-Hnatiw S, Rukundo B, Ahmadi M. et al. Human gut microbiota: Toward an ecology of disease. Frontiers in Microbiology 2017; 08: 1265.
- 49 Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 2016; 14 (08) e1002533.
- 50 Serino M, Fernández-Real JM, García-Fuentes E, Queipo-Ortuño M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Sánchez A, Burcelin R, Tinahones F. The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50: 753-761.
- 51 Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. J Evol Biol 2009; 22: 1984-1999.
- 52 Smith MI, Yatsunenko T, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Mkakosya R, Cheng J, Kau AL, Rich SS, Concannon P, Mychaleckyj JC, Liu J, Houpt E, Li JV, Holmes E, Nicholson J, Knights D, Ursell LK, Knight R, Gordon JI. Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science 2013; 339: 548-554.
- 53 Spitzer M. Armut macht dumm. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 252-261.
- 54 Spitzer M. Stunting: Gehirnentwicklung, Status und Statur. Zur Bedeutung der ersten tausend Tage im Leben eines Menschen. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 516-518.
- 55 Spitzer M. Protozoen und Persönlichkeitsstörungen, die Psychiatrie und der Ursprung der Menschheit. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 341-350.
- 56 Tasnim N, Abulizi N, Pither J, Hart MM, Gibson DL. Linking the gut microbial ecosystem with the environment: Does gut health depend on where we live?. Front Microbiol 2017; 08: 1935.
- 57 The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486: 207-214.
- 58 The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 2012; 486: 215-221.
- 59 Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J 2017; 474: 1823-1836.
- 60 Tognini P. Gut microbiota: A potential regulator of neurodevelopment. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11: 25.
- 61 Vantaux A, Yao F, Hien DF, Guissou E, Yameogo BK, Gouagna L-C, Fontenille D, Renaud F, Simard F, Costantini C, Thomas F, Mouline K, Roche B, Cohuet A, Dabiré KR, Lefèvre T. Field evidence for manipulation of mosquito host selection by the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. bioRxiv first online, Oct. 21, 2017 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/207183 .
- 62 Vassallo G, Mirijello A, Ferrulli A, Antonelli M, Landolfi R, Gasbarrini A, Addolorato G. Review article: Alcohol and gut microbiota – the possible role of gut microbiota modulation in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 917-927.
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