CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Revista Urología Colombiana / Colombian Urology Journal 2018; 27(03): 203-213
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676044
SCU Guidelines | Guias Clinicas SCU
Sociedad Colombiana de Urología. Publicado por Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumen de la Guía de Práctica Clínica de Disfunción Eréctil – Sociedad Colombiana de Urología

Clinical Practice Guideline for Erectile Dysfunction – Colombian Society of Urology
María del Pilar Ceballos
1   Urólogo, Medicina Sexual, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
,
Juan Fernando Uribe Arcila
2   Urólogo, Medicina Sexual, PAR EXTERNO REVISOR DE GUIA, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Medicina Sexual – SLAMS, Sociedad de Medicina Sexual de Norte América – SMSNA, Vicepresidente de la SCU, Bogotá, Colombia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Address for correspondence

María del Pilar Ceballos, MD
Uróloga, Medicina Sexual
Bogotá, Bogotá
Colombia   

Publication History

Publication Date:
27 November 2018 (online)

 

Métodos

Se realizó el análisis de las guías más importantes en el tema de disfunción eréctil incluyendo las de la Sociedad Europea de Urología (EAU) 2017, Sociedad Americana de Urología (AUA) 2018, Sociedad Británica de Urología 2018 y la Sociedad Japonesa de Urología (de las cuales fueron adaptadas las guías iniciales 2014), publicadas hasta Agosto del 2018.

La adaptación inicial de esas guías fue realizada empleando la metodología del NZGG, que incluyó la revisión sistemática de la literatura y guías disponibles hasta Diciembre de 2012 con un análisis crítico utilizando la herramienta AGREE II.

Se solicitó autorización a los autores para la adaptación y aplicación de la guía seleccionada por parte del comité evaluador.

Adicionalmente se llevó a cabo una búsqueda utilizando el motor FABUMED (Un metabuscador), basado en las estrategias de búsqueda de Mac Máster University, con la capacidad de seleccionar ensayos clínicos y revisiones sistemáticas con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, el cual complementó el contenido de esta guía.


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Epidemiologia de la Disfunción Eréctil

Hasta hace 15 años, cerca de 150 millones de hombres en el mundo entero, 30 millones de ellos en Estados Unidos, presentan algún grado de Disfunción eréctil,[1] el Massachusetts Male Aging Study reveló que en la población general de hombres sanos entre los 40 a 70 años, el 52% presentó DE, encontrando que del 5% al 47% de la población adulta presenta o manifiesta disfunción eréctil moderada a completa, aumentando esa proporción en relación directa con la edad.[2] El estudio DENSA Disfunción Eréctil en el Norte de Sudamérica, reveló que más de la mitad de los hombres mayores de 40 años de edad en Venezuela, Colombia y Ecuador sufre algún grado de alteración con su erección.[3] En estudios realizados en Colombia en 512 pacientes, se encontró que el 47% presentaban DE con un rango de 40 a 75 años.[4]


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Definición

La DE se define como la inhabilidad de obtener o mantener una erección suficiente para un desempeño sexual satisfactorio, y según el nuevo DMS V se debe adicionar en al menos el 75% de los encuentros manifestando uno de por lo menos tres síntomas (dificultad para alcanzar la erección durante la actividad sexual, dificultad para mantenerla hasta el final o una disminución notable en la rigidez de la erección) por lo menos durante 6 meses.[5] Igualmente, según la Cuarta Consulta Internacional en Medicina sexual, la erección no es suficiente para la satisfacción sexual[6], incluyéndose también el aspecto emocional sobre el individuo.


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Etiología

La disfunción eréctil puede clasificarse de la siguiente manera.

  1. Orgánica

    • Vasculogénica

      • Arteriogénica

      • Cavernosa

      • Mixta

    • Neurogénica

    • Anatómica

    • Endocrinológica

  2. Psicógena

    • Generalizada

    • Situacional

(Adaptado de Campbell-Walsh Urology Edition 10 CHAPTER 23 Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction pag. 709)


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Factores de Riesgo

Edad: La prevalencia de disfunción eréctil aumenta con la edad, que está directamente relacionada al proceso de envejecimiento.

Tabaquismo: El cigarrillo es una causa conocida de daño vascular endotelial que aumenta el riesgo para enfermedad coronaria y enfermedad cerebro vascular. El tabaquismo aumenta el riesgo de disfunción eréctil significativamente en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria e hipertensión.[7]

El estudio de Massachusetts demostró que el riesgo relativo (RR) para disfunción eréctil en los fumadores versus los no fumadores fue de 1,97.[8] Un meta-análisis arrojó una prevalencia de disfunción eréctil (DE) del 40% en fumadores, significativamente superior a la de 28% en la población general.[9] Si se subclasifica a los fumadores según su nivel de adicción al tabaquismo, se evidenció que el riesgo de disfunción eréctil aumenta de forma dosis dependiente.[8] [9] [10]

Hipertensión: El 15% de los pacientes en tratamiento para la hipertensión tienen disfunción eréctil completa.[11] El riesgo relativo (RR) para la hipertensión en DE fue 1,3 después de la corrección por edad y otros factores de confusión[12]

La hipertensión está presente en 38% a 42% de los hombres con DE y aproximadamente el 35% de los hombres hipertensos tienen algún grado de DE[13] [14]

Diabetes: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura de publicaciones después de 1958 estimó la prevalencia de la disfunción eréctil en pacientes diabéticos en 26–35%.[15] De acuerdo con MMAS, el riesgo de disfunción eréctil completa en los diabéticos es tres veces mayor que en los no diabéticos.[7] Un estudio de cohorte de más de 30.000 pacientes de edad mediana y de edad avanzada, calculó un riesgo relativo (RR) de 1,32 para disfunción eréctil en diabéticos vs no diabéticos.[15] La DE puede ser uno de los primeros síntomas de la diabetes.

En los pacientes diabéticos, la prevalencia de enfermedad coronaria silente es muy alta y esa patología es un predictor fuerte de eventos coronarios y muerte por causa cardiaca. Se sugiere realizar una prueba de esfuerzo antes de comenzar un tratamiento para DE en pacientes diabéticos[16] (GRADO DE RECOMENDACIÓN B).

Dependiendo de la severidad y de la duración de la Diabetes, la prevalencia de la DE tiene un rango del 20% al 85%.[17]

Dislipidemia: Los niveles de colesterol están aumentados en el 26% de los hombres con disfunción eréctil.[18] El riesgo relativo (RR) calculado para disfunción eréctil en pacientes con niveles de colesterol > 240 mg/ versus niveles < 180 fue de 1,83. En sujetos con HDL > 60 mg/dL versus < 30 fue 0,3.[19]

Se cree que el efecto etiológico de la disfunción eréctil inducida por dislipidemia es la ateroesclerosis de los vasos pélvicos secundaria a ella[20], además del uso de estatinas y fibratos.[21]

Sobrepeso y ejercicio: El riesgo relativo (RR) para disfunción eréctil en hombres obesos es 60% mayor que en hombres saludables con peso normal.[22]

Un estudio de Boston que siguió a 1000 hombres con edades entre 40 a 70 años durante 8,8 años, encontró una correlación positiva entre el sobrepeso y la DE con una p < 0,006 y una correlación negativa entre ejercicio y DE con p < 0,01.[23]

Otros factores como Síndrome metabólico, depresión, Síndrome obstructivo urinario bajo, deficiencia de testosterona, medicamentos y otros, son detallados en la guía original disponible en la página de la Sociedad Colombiana de Urología.[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]

Disfunción eréctil como un marcador temprano de presentación de enfermedad cardiovascular: Diferentes publicaciones reportan que pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular poseen síntomas de DE, y que las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la disfunción eréctil tienen una base fisiopatológica común (daño endotelial). Por tal motivo se deberán tener en cuenta las siguientes premisas:

  • La aparición de la DE debe ser asumida como una oportunidad para minimizar el riesgo cardiovascular.

  • La DE no solamente comparte todos los factores de riesgos con la enfermedad cardiovascular sino que además es por sí sola, un marcador independiente del aumento de riesgo cardiovascular.

  • Ya que la DE es un marcador de riesgo incrementado tanto de enfermedad cardiovascular, enfermedad arterial coronaria e infarto, tiene el mismo valor predictivo o aún mayor que los factores que tradicionalmente hemos reconocido como la historia familiar de IAM, el tabaquismo y la dislipidemia.[41]

  • Se considera que quien presenta DE tiene enfermedad cardiovascular silente y por lo tanto su ventana de tiempo entre la aparición de disfunción eréctil y la primera manifestación de un evento cardiovascular puede ser entre 2 -5 años (Recomendación 1a).[42]

La DE en pacientes diabéticos es uno de los predictores más efectivos de enfermedad coronaria.[43]

Un grupo de cardiólogos y urólogos de la Universidad de Princeton en 1999, 2004 y posteriormente en 2012, dieron recomendaciones para enfrentar la asociación entre DE y enfermedad cardiovascular.[42] [43] La evaluación de la función cardiaca debe efectuarse periódicamente con un intervalo recomendado de 6 meses.[27] Las categorías de riesgo cardiovascular del consenso Princeton III se detallan en la guía completa.[43]

En términos generales, se deben seguir las recomendaciones de la Asociación Americana del Corazón (AHA) sobre enfermedad cardiovascular y actividad sexual:

  1. Es razonable que los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular que quieran iniciar o reiniciar su actividad sexual tengan una historia clínica completa y un examen físico (Clase IIa; Nivel de Evidencia C).

  2. Es razonable la actividad sexual para pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular en quienes en su evaluación clínica se haya determinado que son de bajo riesgo de complicaciones cardiovasculares (Clase IIa; Nivel de evidencia B).

  3. Se justifica una prueba de esfuerzo para aquellos pacientes que no son de bajo riesgo o en aquellos con riesgo indeterminado para evaluar su capacidad de ejercicio y el desarrollo de síntomas, isquemia o arritmias (Clase IIa; Nivel de Evidencia C).

  4. La actividad sexual es razonable para pacientes que pueden ejercitarse hasta >3 a 5 METS sin angina, disnea excesiva, cambios en el segmento ST, cianosis, hipotensión o arritmia. - (Clase IIa; Nivel de evidencia C).

  5. La rehabilitación cardiaca y el ejercicio regular pueden ser útiles para reducir el riesgo de complicaciones cardiovasculares con la actividad sexual en pacientes con Nivel de Evidencia B).

  6. Los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular inestable, descompensada y/o sintomática severa deben aplazar su actividad sexual hasta que su condición cardiaca sea estabilizada y manejada adecuadamente (Clase III; Nivel de evidencia C).

  7. Los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular que experimenten síntomas cardiovasculares precipitados por la actividad sexual, deben aplazar su actividad sexual hasta que su condición cardiaca sea estabilizada y manejada adecuadamente (Clase III; Nivel de evidencia C).[44] [Fig. 1], [2], and [3].

Zoom Image
Fig. 1 Flujograma de manejo (DE) - Evaluación de la disfunción Eréctil.
Zoom Image
Fig. 2 Flujograma de manejo (DE) - Paciente es candidato a cirugía vascular para tratar la DE.
Zoom Image
Fig. 3 Esquema de Manejo DE.

Esquema de Manejo de la Disfunción eréctil Guía de la Sociedad Colombiana de Urología

Esquema de Manejo de la Disfunción eréctil de la Guía Sociedad Colombiana de Urología [Tabla 1].

Tabla 1

Algunas conclusiones de las guías europeas sobre disfunción eréctil

Nivel

Grado

Los cambios en estilo de vida y modificación de factores de riesgo deben preceder o acompañar el tratamiento de la DE

1a

A

Los tratamientos pro erección deben ser suministrados lo más tempranamente posible después de PR

1b

A

Cuando se encuentre una causa curable de DE debe ser tratada primero

1b

B

Los IPDE5 son la primera línea de tratamiento

1a

A

La prescripción incorrecta y la pobre educación del paciente son las principales causas de falla de respuesta a los IPDE5

3

B

Utilice dispositivos de vacío como primera línea de tratamiento en pacientes bien informados, mayores, con actividad sexual poco frecuente y comorbilidades que requieran tratamientos no invasivos y sin medicamentos.

4

C

La inyección intracavernosa es la segunda línea de tratamiento

1b

B

La prótesis peneana es la tercera línea de tratamiento

4

C

Adaptado de la Guía Europea de Disfunción Sexual Masculina, 2016.



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Diagnóstico

Además de una pesquisa clara y amplia en la historia clínica en búsqueda de factores etiológicos[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] se deben incluir los siguientes estudios[74] [78]:

  1. Perfil lipídico y Glicemia o HB glicosilada. (Grado de recomendación B)

  2. Testosterona total. Los valores de testosterona total bajos encontrados en las diferentes series oscilan entre 2% y 35%[46] [47], por lo que se recomiendan las mediciones rutinarias y no condicionadas de ese paraclínico ante un cuadro de DE. (Recomendación Moderada, Nivel de evidencia C).

En la actualidad la Ecografía Dúplex peneana es el gold estándar para la evaluación vascular peneana ya que es mínimamente invasiva y produce resultados robustos acerca del influjo arterial cavernoso y sobre la capacidad veno oclusiva del pene.[79]

Las tres principales indicaciones para realizar un Eco Doppler color peneano es el trauma de pene, la enfermedad de Peyronie y la sospecha de enfermedad arterial. También se puede usar para diferenciar la DE orgánica de causas sicógenas, y para detectar enfermedad veno oclusiva severa de mal pronóstico al uso de medicamentos orales. Igualmente contamos con la Angiografía por TAC multicorte con reconstrucción en 3D, que permite la definición completa de las arterias cavernosas y pudendas en ese tipo de pacientes.[74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90]

Tratamiento

El objetivo de la terapia debe ser restaurar la satisfacción de la vida sexual y no solo la erección rígida.

Manejo de los factores de riesgo y enfermedades asociadas

  • Asesorar los cambios de estilo de vida (suspensión del consumo de alcohol y tabaco) y el incremento de la actividad física.

  • Remisión a los especialistas en casos de hipertensión, diabetes o depresión de aparición temprana y la integración y comunicación con ellos para establecer un tratamiento coordinado.

Identificación y tratamiento de la disfunción eréctil curable:

Es una premisa que la disfunción eréctil puede ser manejada adecuadamente, pero en términos generales no es curable. Las causas curables de la disfunción eréctil se limitan a las causas hormonales, la sicógena y la arterial post traumática en hombres jóvenes. Es por ese motivo que esas causas deben identificarse en primera instancia.[105]

Para una revisión detallada de manejo farmacológico y quirúrgico, remítase a las guías originales.[106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] [147] [148] [149] [150] [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171] [172] [173] [174] [175] [176] [177] [178] [179] [180] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188]


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Conclusiones

La disfunción eréctil es una patología altamente prevalente que afecta a un gran número de hombres y al tener una repercusión directa sobre sus parejas, tenemos un volumen de población mundial muy importante que demanda ayuda en nuestra consulta.

Constantemente estamos recibiendo nueva información acerca de la etiología y el manejo de la disfunción eréctil, siendo lo más importante su asociación con el síndrome metabólico y enfermedad cardiovascular. Así pues, el abordaje más importante en nuestra consulta para los pacientes recientemente diagnosticados es la búsqueda inicial de los factores de riesgo con solicitud de Glicemia basal o hemoglobina glicosilada, perfil lipídico y testosterona, a parte de la realización de un examen físico en consultorio completo que nos ayude a caracterizar el riesgo de nuestros pacientes y así solicitar las interconsultas y remisiones apropiadas.

La actividad sexual en sí se debe considerar como una actividad saludable, que ayuda en la rehabilitación física de los pacientes con problemas cardiovasculares y no, así como una acción riesgosa, el riesgo se encuentra en aquellos pacientes no diagnosticados y no tratados, eso se lo debemos transmitir a nuestros pacientes y sus parejas para fomentar su actividad sexual como parte de su actividad física general.

En la actualidad tenemos a nuestra disposición una gran variedad de tratamientos orales de primera línea para el manejo de disfunción eréctil, no hay diferencias significativas en la efectividad de los mismos, hay ciertas variaciones en cuanto al tiempo de inicio de acción, duración de la acción e interacción con comidas, pero en términos generales la decisión de su uso se debe realizar en conjunto con el paciente de acuerdo a la aparición de efectos secundarios con cada uno.

Existen manejos de segunda y tercera línea para los pacientes no respondedores, en cualquiera de los casos las alternativas usadas deben ser evaluadas en conjunto con el paciente en cuanto a costo efectividad, riesgos y beneficios. Así mismo debe asesorarse al paciente sobre dosis y modo de aplicación o uso en los casos en los que aplique, se debe realizar una consulta específica para ese entrenamiento.

El uso de la testosterona puede mejorar la erección y la respuesta a los IPDE5. Igualmente se debe informar al paciente los riesgos y beneficios de su uso ya que persiste la discusión sobre su posible aumento en el riesgo cardiovascular.

Se aconseja realizar rehabilitación peneana en pacientes que serán llevados a manejo oncológico por cáncer de próstata, igualmente se debe discutir con los pacientes costo beneficio y posibles riesgos y efectos secundarios de esa terapia, a la luz de que todavía no hay una evidencia contundente de su beneficio.

El uso de terapias nuevas como LEC de ondas de bajo choque, administración de células madre o suero rico en plaquetas, debe ser considerado experimental y dado su alto costo y su creciente aparición en el mercado, se debe advertir al paciente que aún no hay estudios fuertes epidemiológicamente o resultados contundentes que permitan su recomendación, por tanto, su participación en esos tratamientos debe ser bajo protocolos de investigación.


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No conflict of interest has been declared by the author(s).

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  • 182 Sexual Medicine Society. POSITION STATEMENT: ED Restorative (Regenerative) Therapies (shock waves, autologous platelet rich plasma, and stem cells). Available at: http://email.mg.smsna.org/c/eJwNjsFuhCAURb9Gl0SQUViwmEW7a9OMTbfkIU8kHcXwsGb-viQ3N-euzvXGOwm8jWYZe6dUp2_D7PueK-GFGpXUXmktsXON7EJiVKCcdDxPYjuWdjWoRtTzwgWgk7cFB1CAcuBSDJ0ehWifZi3laPp7I95rrutitNEOLOVQ9w-vFTcISBWmj-nzbr8SxRLTbqdqww33Yh9v9oFUUoYS_9B-r5jhiEjs8EubjcvJY47zLwsZQ8qv-naDV2Loz38FZUqA
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  • 187 Moon KH, Ko YH, Kim SW. , et al. Efficacy of once-daily administration of udenafil for 24 weeks on erectile dysfunction: results from a randomized multicenter placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Sex Med 2015; 12 (05) 1194-1201
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Address for correspondence

María del Pilar Ceballos, MD
Uróloga, Medicina Sexual
Bogotá, Bogotá
Colombia   

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Fig. 1 Flujograma de manejo (DE) - Evaluación de la disfunción Eréctil.
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Fig. 2 Flujograma de manejo (DE) - Paciente es candidato a cirugía vascular para tratar la DE.
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Fig. 3 Esquema de Manejo DE.