Keywords atrium - cervidae - coronary artery
Introduction
The pampas deer belongs to the Cervidae family (Artiodactyla order), which also includes
around 40 species of deer, elk and caribou. The pampas deer used to be a common and
abundant species that had a wide distribution. However, at the end of the 19th century, the populations were decimated, and their habitat was fragmented.[1 ] The pampas deer is a medium-sized deer that weighs between 20 to 40 kg and has a
wide variation in body size. The color of the fur varies geographically according
to the subspecies, going from tan to reddish-brown.[2 ]
The basic anatomical knowledge provides the necessary path to be able to perform and
improve any medical, surgical, technical or conservationist procedure in pampas deer.
It is also the fundamental pillar for physiological or physiopathological studies.
In general, the hearts of mammals share many similarities, but size, shape, position,
vessel organization and branching can vary considerably among species.[3 ] The presence or absence of certain anatomical structures in the heart may vary in
domestic species. The arterial circulation of the heart also varies among different
species, and it can be of the right or left type, depending on whether the interventricular
branch originates from the left or right coronary arteries. Cardiac anatomic studies
and those related to heart vessels have been performed on both domestic and wild species.[4 ]
[5 ]
[6 ]
[7 ]
[8 ]
[9 ]
[10 ]
[11 ]
The studies conducted with Ozotoceros bezoarticus regarding arterial blood supply include the arterial supply of the head and neck,[12 ] arterial irrigation of the pelvis and the pelvic limb,[13 ] arterial distribution of the aortic arch,[9 ] arterial vascularization of the adrenal glands,[8 ] anatomy of the female reproductive system,[14 ] anatomy of the male reproductive system,[15 ] and irrigation of the stomach and intestine.[16 ] According to our knowledge, there is no anatomical description of the heart of the
pampas deer. The objective of the present study was to describe the macroscopic morphology,
topography and irrigation of the heart of the pampas deer.
Materials and Methods
Animals
The anatomical study was carried out with 20 animals that had died of natural causes,
were free of pathologies that affected the circulatory system, and came from Estación
de Cría de Fauna Autóctona de Pan de Azúcar, Maldonado, Uruguay (ECFA, 34 ° 3′S, 55
° 1 ' OR). The animals that died in the ECFA were collected by local personnel and
frozen at -20°C to be subsequently studied . A total of 8 adult females, 3 adult males
and 9 offspring were dissected. The average weight was 13.45 ± 1.3 kg.
Methods
The method of study of the animals was simple dissection. All animals had colored
latex injected into one of the common carotid arteries to facilitate the visualization.
In order to perform this procedure, the skin was incised in the ventral region of
the neck, lateral to the trachea, and the muscles of the region were isolated to give
access to one of the common carotid arteries. A catheter (caliber according to the
volume of the vessel) was placed inside the artery, and red latex was injected until
the femoral arteries could be visualized. The animals were placed for 48 hours in
a cold chamber (at 3°C) to allow adequate coagulation of the latex.
The dissection was performed in stages. First, the muscles of the costal wall and
the intercostal muscles were removed to visualize the topography of the thorax. Then,
the ribs were removed, and the in situ dissection of the heart and its vessels was
performed. Finally, the heart was removed by incising the large vessels, and then
a cut was made parallel to the interventricular grooves to visualize the internal
structures.
The photographs were taken with a Nikon (Minato, Tokyo, Japan) digital camera and
macro lens. They were then edited using the GIMP (GNOME Foundation, Orinda, CA, US)
software, version 2.8.14. The terms used for the description are in agreement with
the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria.[17 ]
The specimens were handled and treated according to the Ethics Board guidelines of
Universidad de la República (Montevideo, Uruguay).
Results
The heart was lodged in the middle mediastinum. Two thirds of the heart were to the
left of the median plane of the body, and its axis formed a 45° angle ([Figs. 1 ], [2 ]). The apex was close to the sternum at the level of the sixth intercostal space.
The projection of the heart on the thorax wall extended between the third and sixth
intercostal spaces on the left side ([Fig. 3 ]), and between the fifth and sixth on the right side ([Fig. 4 ]). The heart was covered by the pericardium ([Figs. 3 ], [4 ]). A double sternopericardial ligament helped the fibrous pericardium fix the heart
to the sternum ([Fig. 5 ]). No phrenicopericardial ligament was observed.
Fig. 1 Left lateral view of the thorax, after the removal of the costal muscles. 1: first
rib; 2: lung; 3: heart.
Fig. 2 Right lateral view of the thorax, after the removal of the costal muscles. 1: first
rib; 2: lung; 3: heart.
Fig. 3 Left lateral view of the thorax, after the removal of the ribs. 1: lung; 2: heart.
Fig. 4 Right lateral view of the thorax after the removal of the ribs. 1: caudal lobe of
the lung; 2: cranial lobe of the lung; 3: heart.
Fig. 5 Left lateral view of the thorax of the pampas deer. 1: left ventricle; 2: paraconal
artery; 3: double sternopericardial ligament.
The heart was transversely elongated, accompanying the shape of the thorax ([Fig. 5 ]). The color in the fresh specimens was light brownish-red. The grooves and vessels
were covered by a small amount of subepicardial adipose tissue, beige and with medium
consistency ([Figs 3 ], [4 ], [5 ]). The consistency of the myocardium was firm, although the right side of the heart
was depressible, while the left side was more resistant to pressure.
Both atria were separated from each other by the interatrial septum. The right atrium
was the most voluminous. Each atrium had a blind diverticulum, the auricle. In the
right atrium, the openings of the cranial and caudal vena cava were observed, and
between both there was an underdeveloped intervenous tubercle. The coronary sinus
was also observed. In the left atrium there were 4-5 pulmonary veins.
The right ventricle received blood from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular
ostium. This ventricle was not part of the apex of the heart. Three papillary muscles
(subarterial, parvi and magnus) were projected in its interior. These muscles attached
to the chordae tendineae that were part of the tricuspid valve. The papillary magnus
muscle was located on the septal wall and was connected by the right septomarginal
trabecula to the subarterial papillary muscle. No cartilage or bones were observed
in the structure of the cardiac skeleton. Two well-developed septomarginal trabeculae
were observed in this ventricle ([Fig. 6 ]). Blood flowed from this ventricle to the pulmonary trunk, passing through the pulmonary
semilunar valve ([Fig. 7 ]). The supraventricular crest was well-developed ([Fig. 7 ]). The trabeculae carneae were very poorly-developed in both ventricles, and their
walls were almost smooth ([Fig. 7 ]).
Fig. 6 Right side view of the heart. 1: aorta artery; 2: right septomarginal trabeculae;
3: subsinuosal artery; 4: left ventricle.
Fig. 7 Left side view of the heart, with the right ventricle incised. 1: right ventricle;
2: right septomarginal trabeculae; 3: supraventricular crest; 4: pulmonary semilunar
valve; 5: trabeculae carneae; 6: left ventricle.
The left ventricle received blood from the corresponding atrium, passing through the
mitral or bicuspid valve. In this ventricle, both papillary muscles were located on
the marginal wall. Two septomarginal trabeculae came out from the subpapillary auricular
muscle. This ventricle sent blood to the aorta artery, passing through the aortic
semilunar valve. The vestigial ductus arteriosus remained in the adult, forming the
ligament arteriosus, and it joined the pulmonary trunk with the aorta artery ([Fig. 8 ]).
Fig. 8 Ventrolateral left thorax view of the pampas deer. 1: left ventricle; 2: paraconal
artery; 3: circumflex artery; 4: left atrium; 5: pulmonary trunk; 6: aorta artery;
7: brachiocephalic trunk; 8: subclavian artery; 9: ligamentum arteriosum; 10: pulmonary
artery; 11: lung.
The heart was irrigated by the coronary arteries. The left coronary artery was the
largest one, and its main branch was the paraconal interventricular branch ([Fig. 9 ]), which crossed the homonymous groove and reached the apex. Then, the left coronary
artery continued as the circumflex branch ([Fig. 9 ]) that followed the coronary sulcus toward the caudal face of the heart, and ended
before reaching the subsinuosal groove. The right coronary artery reached the coronary
sulcus after passing between the left atrium and the pulmonary trunk, continuing in
the subsinuosal sulcus ([Fig. 10 ]). There were no anastomoses among the visible branches of the coronary arteries
([Fig. 10 ]). Venous blood was overturned into the coronary sinus in the right atrium through
the cardiac magna vein.
Fig. 9 Left side view of the pampas deer heart. 1: aorta artery; 2: paraconal artery; 3:
circumflex artery; 4: right ventricle; 5: left ventricle.
Fig. 10 Ventral view of the apex of the heart of the pampas deer. 1: subsinuosal artery;
2: paraconal artery; 3: apex.
Discussion
The present paper describes the main aspects of the external and internal cardiac
anatomy of the pampas deer. The position of the heart, with a 45° axis, the presence
of a double sternopericardial ligament, and the bilateral cardiac circulation were
among the notable findings.
The position of the heart inside the thoracic cavity fits the shape of the thorax.
In the pampas deer, the axis of the heart presented an angle of 45°; in domestic ruminants
and equines, the heart axis approaches 90°,[18 ] and in canines, it approaches 40°.[19 ] In the pampas deer, like what is described for the axis deer (Axis axis ), the heart extends from the third intercostal space to the sixth rib.[20 ]
In the pampas deer, the wide cardiac notch of the lung allowed the heart, mainly on
the left side, to have ample contact with the costal wall. This provides a good surface
for the semiological examination and an eventual intracardiac injection.
The pampas deer had a cranial sternopericardial ligament and a caudal one. The same
disposition is described in domestic ruminants.[18 ] The axis deer has two sternopericardial ligaments and one phrenicopericardial ligament.[20 ] In canines and equines, only the phrenicopericardial ligament is well-developed.[18 ]
[19 ]
Septomarginal trabeculae are structures that are part of the conduction system of
the heart. In the pampas deer, in the right ventricle, the presence of a well-developed
Y-shaped septomarginal trabecula was observed. In domestic ruminants, the presence
of a simple septomarginal trabecula in this ventricle has been described.[19 ] In the study conducted by Cope,[21 ] there was a wide variability in the shape of this trabecula in the canines analyzed.
In the zone of expulsion of the ventricles (mainly the right one) of the heart of
domestic animals, the presence of carneae trabeculae has been described[18 ]
[19 ]; they help increase cardiac contraction, and were very underdeveloped in both ventricles
in the pampas deer.
In the heart of the pampas deer, we did not observe the presence of a cardiac bone
or cartilage, but histological studies are required to corroborate this finding. The
presence of a cardiac bone has been described in cattle and sheep.[22 ]
[23 ]
Frink and Merrick[24 ] described the presence of a cardiac bone in the atrial septum of the 25 sheep in
their study, and they occasionally found a second bone.
The arteries and veins of the heart of domestic animals vary widely in different species,
and even among individuals of the same species. The vessels are in the different grooves
of the heart, protected by connective tissue, to be able to accompany the physiological
variations of the organ and avoid suffering torsions or too much tension.[25 ]
In domestic animals, the arterial supply of the heart comes from two coronary arteries
(right and left), but they do not have the same importance in every species. In the
pampas deer, the left coronary artery forms the paraconal and circumflex branches,
while the right coronary artery forms the subsinuosal branch. With a shared coronary
irrigation, the pampas deer has bilateral circulation. In sheep, cattle and marsh
deer, the left coronary artery is soon divided, forming the paraconal and circumflex
arteries.[24 ]
[26 ]
[27 ] In sheep and roe deer, the circumflex artery forms the subsinuosal branch.[7 ]
[27 ] Pigs also have bilateral circulation, while horses have right circulation.[19 ]
[28 ] The venous drainage of the heart is similar in pampas deer, roe deer and sheep.[18 ]
[29 ]
Conclusion
In conclusion, most differences between the hearts of pampas deer and those of domestic
animals are subtle, notably the obliquity of the organ, the absence of a cardiac bone,
and the bilateral irrigation. With other techniques, histological, semiological and
physiological studies must be performed in order to better understand the anatomy
and physiology of the heart of this species.
