Keywords
cardiac tumor - cardiovascular - surgery - metastases - lung cancer - heart - tricuspid
valve
Introduction
Primary tumors of the heart are rare, with an incidence of around 0.2% in unselected
patients at autopsy.[1]
[2]
[3] Even though the occurrence of cardiac tumors is well described in medical literature,
diagnosing it remains challenging in clinical practice. The majority (75%) of these
tumors are benign; nearly half of those are myxomas. Cardiac sarcomas are the biggest
group of primary malignant cardiac tumors and cardiac metastases (CMs) make up the
biggest group in secondary malignant cardiac tumors. They can be observed in 10 to
20% of patients suffering from a disseminated malignant tumor disease.[4]
Among pathology of malignant lung cancer, large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma
(LCNEC) is very rare with a reported range of 2.4 to 3.1% in resected lung cancers.[5]
[6] More than 90% of CM are clinically silent, thus they are rarely detected before
death.[7]
Case Description
A 53-year-old patient was transferred to our department for workup of an unknown cardiac
mass located close to the heart. The suspected mass was accidentally diagnosed in
positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scan. The examination
was initially performed to scan for metastasis of a suspected malignant tumor of the
right superior pulmonary lobe, which was diagnosed earlier that year. PET-CT scan
showed nuclide accumulation in the right superior lobe, the left suprarenal gland,
and below the heart on the top of the pericardium. The magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) of the neurocranium showed no pathological abnormalities.
Following the diagnosis, an explorative thoracotomy with lobectomy of the right superior
lobe and resection of the right dorsobasal inferior lobe was performed. Acquired intraoperative
biopsy showed LCNEC (70%) with components of adenocarcinoma (30%) and involved visceral
pleura. TNM classification of the tumor was rated as pT2b, pN0 (0/15), L0, V0, R0,
G3. After surgical removal of the primary tumor in the lung, excision of the metastasis
located in the left suprarenal gland was performed.
After treatment of the lung and suprarenal gland, cardio-MRI scan was performed to
further classify the suspected mass which was initially observed in the former PET-CT
scan. MRI scan revealed a suspected tumor mass of 3.1 × 3.2 × 2.8 cm, borderline close
to the inferior cava vein and the tricuspid valve ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Resected metastasis.
Additionally, the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed a tumor in the right
atrium ([Figs. 2] and [3]), originating from the lateral wall reaching the border of the tricuspid valve.
Fig. 2 Intraoperative view.
Fig. 3 TEE showing large intracardiac mass of 3.67 × 4.37 cm.
At admission for surgery, the patient showed not to be frail (World Health Organization
I) at normal nutritional status (193 cm and 92 kg). No pathological heart sounds were
present at auscultation. The patient reported nausea and intermitting dyspnea after
formerly performed bilobectomy. Arterial hypertension was found in the patient's medical
history. The chest X-ray showed no signs of enlarged heart silhouette. Electrocardiogram
(ECG) showed no signs of arrhythmia.
In consequence, operative tumor resection was done using full median sternotomy. Venous
cannulation for the heart–lung machine was achieved by cannulation of right femoral
for the lower drainage, and additionally, the superior caval vein was cannulated to
ensure full exposure of the right atrium with arterial cannulation of the ascending
aorta as well. After full heparinization and cross-clamping, cardioplegic arrest was
induced by using Buckberg's solution. After opening the right atrium, a large tumor,
located at the inferior cava vein, with contact to the tricuspid valve ([Fig. 4]) was exposed. Additionally, the tumor was shown to be located in direct proximity
to the descending part of the right coronary artery onto the border of the coronary
sinus. The tumor was completely extirpated along the right coronary artery and the
tricuspid valve. Due to the fact that the tumor prolapsed into the inferior leaflet
of the tricuspid valve, a 34-mm Edwards MC3 ring was implanted to stabilize the valve
at its base. Furthermore, a pericardial patch of 12 × 5 cm was used to cover the defect
of the right atrium, sewing it partially to the MC3 ring by using 4.0 Prolene. Then,
the heart was antegradely deaired. The unknown tumor mass was sent to the pathology
laboratory for further examination. Bypass time was 111 minutes with a cross-clamp
time of 84 minutes and a usage of 900 mL Buckberg. Molecular, biological, and pathological
reports verified the occurrence of metastasis from an LCNEC. In the postoperative
course, TTE showed a low gradient over the implanted tricuspid valve (P (pressure) mean 2.5 mm Hg) and a good left ventricular ejection fraction. The patient
recovered well from surgery and further treatment of the primary lung tumor was initiated
by using chemotherapy 1 week after surgery.
Fig. 4 TEE showing large intracardiac metastasis.
Discussion
Malignant lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and the most common
cause of cancer-related mortality. Metastasis from lung cancer spread via lymphatic
and hemorrhagic distribution. The hematological spreading of metastasis occurs in
the right atrium through caval veins and in the left atrium by pulmonary veins, although
much less common.
The rate of metastasation from lung cancer to the heart varies with the histology
of the primary tumor and is described with a probability of ∼20%.[7]
Neuroendocrine neoplasia of the lung is extremely rare and makes up 1 to 2% of all
lung tumors and ∼20 to 30% of neuroendocrine tumors.[8] Most affected areas of lung metastases include liver, brain, bone, lymph nodes,
and adrenal glands.
The possibility of CM should be an important consideration in patients with malignancies
and newly observed cardiovascular-related symptoms. Although clinically mostly silent,
physical examination may guide the way to diagnosis. A newly occurred heart sound,
for example, may suggest a potential intracardiac mass. ECG should be a standard examination
tool, although nonspecific, ST-wave changes, and new arrhythmias can lead the way
to further examination.
Imaging is essential for the diagnosis of CM. Conventional chest X-ray is mostly unspecific
but might show cardiomegaly.
Echocardiography is the imaging of choice; it provides the most accurate information
on the exact localization and anatomy of the cardiac tumor. Nevertheless, besides
the possibility of a tumor, the most likely diagnosis of an intracardiac mass is a
thrombus or vegetation.
Considering the treatment, surgical resection is generally performed in cases with
an otherwise good prognosis and in cases where surgical resection is technically feasible
and safe. Resection through minimally invasive approaches is also possible, depending
on the size and location of the tumor.
