Keywords
Vitamin D - hs-CRP - nasal polyposis
Introduction
Nasal polyps are associated with chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and
may be associated with atopy. It is still unclear why only some patients with atopy
develop polyps. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a major problem for the
patients due to its chronicity, severity of symptoms, recurrence and the unavailability
of a standard protocol for its treatment.
The etiopathogenesis of polyps, however, still remains unclear despite advances in
molecular biology.[1] Epithelial cell dysfunction and eosinophilic inflammation of the upper respiratory
tract mucosa are other factors that are crucial in the development of nasal polyposis.[2] There occurs to be an interplay of various inflammatory mediators in the genesis
of nasal polyposis. Although nasal polyposis is not a life-threatening condition,
it causes significant morbidity interfering with the daily life of the patient and
leads to substantial financial burden.
The understanding of various immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in recent times
has encouraged studies for its possible association in the etiopathogenesis of nasal
polyposis and thereby exploring new targets for intervention. The active form of 25-hydroxyl
vitamin D influences innate and adaptive immunity. It acts on antigen-presenting cells
and T cells to promote peripheral tolerance via inhibition of inflammatory responses
and induction to T-regs. Vitamin D is involved in the essential regulatory mechanisms,
such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in various
types of cells.[3] The fact that active Vitamin D has an immunomodulatory role in the human body may
make it useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases like polyposis.
The study on the influence of vitamin D derivatives on the inflammatory process in
nasal polyposis may shed light not only on the mechanism of its etiology, but also
prove its potential use in the pharmacotherapy of nasal polyposis. Synthesis of vitamin
D derivatives of similar anti-proliferative and immunomodulative capabilities without
unwanted effects opens new therapeutic challenges. Vitamin D derivatives have been
used successfully in the therapy of psoriasis and other hyper-keratotic skin disorders.[3]
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant, which increases in inflammatory
conditions, like nasal polyposis. Its rate of increase seems to be related to the
extent of tissue injury and inflammation severity. There are few studies worldwide
evaluating the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
(hs-CRP) in nasal polyposis.
Aims and Objectives
The present study assessed the levels of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D and hs-CRP in patients
with nasal polyposis as compared with healthy control subjects and identified their
association with disease severity in nasal polyposis. It further assessed the levels
of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D and hs-CRP in patients with nasal polyposis and atopy and
compared it with patients with nasal polyposis without atopy.
Materials and Methods
This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study at a major tertiary referral center
in India involving two groups – cases and controls. A total of 80 patients with nasal
polyposis were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the department of ENT and controls
included 80, age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Ethical approval was obtained
from the Human Ethics Committee of the Institute (JIP/IEC/SC/2014/1/506). Written
informed consent was obtained from all study subjects. The study was conducted in
accordance with the principles of ethical research as per the Declaration of Helsinki
in 1975 and revised in 2008 and the Indian Council of Medical Research Guidelines
for Biomedical Research in Human Participants.
Sample Size Calculation
Sample size was estimated from expected difference in serum hs-CRP values. Previous
studies in Japan found the mean difference in hs-CRP levels between subjects and controls
to be 14 ng/ml with a standard difference of 39.[5] To detect this difference with 80% power at 5% level of significance, the minimum
sample size required for the study was estimated as 80 in each group (cases and controls).
This was calculated using the PS Power and Sample Size Program version 3.0.43 software
(Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA).
Study Population and Workup
Subjects with any comorbid condition that could affect vitamin D serum level, such
as rickets, osteomalacia, sarcoidosis, thyroid dysfunction, rheumatoid arthritis,
ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, pregnancy, hepatic and renal disease were excluded.
Subjects with acute nasal infections and those on any medication for nasal polyposis
for the month preceding the workup were also excluded. Adult patients > 18 years old
diagnosed with nasal polyps based on history, examination and radiological investigations
were recruited as subjects. In all patients with nasal polyposis, the disease severity
was assessed clinically by the Sino nasal outcome test 20 (SNOT20) and radiologically
by the Lund & Mackay staging system. All of the subjects underwent the allergen skin
prick test and were divided into atopy or nonatopy subgroups. Common allergens in
the community like grass, cereals, common insects and plants were used in the study.
A total of 24 different allergens were used to assess atopy. A subject was deemed
atopic if he or she was allergic to > 5 allergens. The association of biochemical
parameters with disease severity was also studied.
Assay of Study Parameters
Biochemical parameters were estimated in the 5-ml blood sample drawn from all study
subjects. Levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and hs-CRP were measured by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available kits (Quidel Immuno assay,
Calbiotech, El Cajon, California, USA). Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline
phosphatase were also assessed using an auto-analyzer.
Methods of Statistical Analysis
The normality of continuous data was assessed by the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test. The data
was described as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The comparison of the various parameters
between cases and controls was performed by the independent Student t-test for parametric data and the Mann-Whitney U-test for nonparametric data. The
levels of the various biochemical parameters were correlated with disease severity
score between the study parameters and analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation.
To assess the effects of confounders, a multivariate linear regression analysis was
performed with 25-hydroxyl vitamin D as a dependent variable. Analysis was performed
at the 5% level of significance and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Eighty patients with nasal polyposis and eighty healthy controls were included in
the study. The mean age of onset of nasal polyposis was 37.20 ± 10.89 years. The median
SNOT score for patients with polyposis was 48 (37–63). The median Lund & Mackay radiological
staging system for patients with polyposis was 11 (2–20). The comparison of baseline
characteristics between the 2 groups is shown in [Table 1].
Table 1
Comparison of Characteristics Between Cases (n = 80) and Controls (n = 80)
|
Parameter
|
Case
Mean ± SD
|
Control
Mean ± SD
|
p value
(Unpaired t-test)
|
|
Age (years old)
|
38.30 ± 10.92
|
36.40 ± 10.61
|
0.27
|
|
Gender (Male:Female)
|
48:32
|
47:33
|
−
|
|
Weekly vitamin D intake IU[∗]
|
19.24 ± 3.56
|
19.15 ± 3.65
|
0.88
|
|
Weekly Sunlight exposure (hours)
|
8.64 ± 2.46
|
9.45 ± 3.01
|
0.06
|
|
Calcium (mg/dl)
|
10.12 ± 0.41
|
10.56 ± 0.48
|
0.0001
|
|
Phosphorus (mg/dl)
|
3.97 ± 0.22
|
4.02 ± 0.25
|
0.53
|
|
Alkaline phosphate (IU/L)
|
190.00 ± 17.20
|
194.40 ± 16.30
|
0.41
|
∗ IU, International unit. 1 IU = 0.025 micro gram.
Vitamin D & hs-CRP Levels
Mean 25 hydroxyl vitamin D and hs-CRP levels are shown in [Table 2]. Patients in the polyposis group were further subdivided into two subgroups: atopy
and non-atopy, based on skin prick test. All of the 80 patients had nasal polyposis,
and 65 patients with nasal polyposis had atopy. Our study showed a statistically insignificant
comparison of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and hs-CRP between this subgroup.
Table 2
Comparison of Study Parameters in Cases (n = 80) and Controls (n = 80)
|
Study Parameter
|
Cases
Mean ± SD
|
Controls
Mean ± SD
|
p-value
(Mann Witney U test)
|
|
25 hydroxy vitamin D (ng/ml)
|
12.01 ± 7.29
|
22.87 ± 14.95
|
< 0.0001
|
|
hs-CRP (mg/L)
|
5.99 ± 2.74
|
2.41 ± 1.95
|
< 0.0001
|
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
Correlation Between Severity of Disease and Vitamin D Levels
There was a strong negative correlation between the vitamin D levels and hs-CRP in
cases. The correlation of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D and hs-CRP levels with symptom severity
and radiological scoring was performed in the polyposis group using the Spearman Correlation
test. The severity of nasal polyposis was assessed by the SNOT-20 score correlated
negatively with serum levels of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D and positively correlated with
hs-CRP (rho = 0.658, p < 0.0001).
Similarly, the correlation of the study parameters with radiological disease severity
by the Lund-Mackay staging system showed weak negative correlation to vitamin D levels
and similar weak positive correlation (rho =0.288, p = 0.005) to hs-CRP values.
Discussion
Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
Several factors may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of nasal polyposis, including
genetic predisposition, infection, anatomic variations, allergy, and immunological
disorders, although this may not be clearly demonstrated in all aspects. The histological
basis of nasal polyposis includes presence of tissue eosinophilia and secretion of
the related inflammatory mediators.[1]
[2]
The present study was planned to address the question of the interplay between systemic
inflammation and serum 25-hydroxyl vitamin D levels in patients with nasal polyposis.
The study was addressed to identify differences in these parameters in nasal polyposis
patients of varying severity with age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Moreover,
those with other causes of inflammation, with any comorbidity or on any medication
including vitamin D supplementation were excluded. The disease severity score was
recorded by a single investigator, avoiding variability.
There has been plenty of debate on the definition of Vitamin D deficiency. The most
acceptable definition is serum level of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D < 20 ng/mL (or 50 nmol/L),
which is recognized as a pathological condition characterized by muscle weakness,
rickets or osteomalacia. Whereas serum levels of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D ranging from
10 to 30 ng/mL, without overt clinical symptoms is defined as Vitamin D insufficiency.
This has recently become an important medical concern.[3]
[4] Substantial evidence suggests that vitamin D plays a major role in immunomodulation
because Vitamin D receptors are present on several types of immune competent cells,
including T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.[5]
There is more evidence in various studies about the immune regulatory functions of
vitamin D in allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Vitamin D can
reduce the level of cytokines released by the inflammatory cells.[6] The strong correlation between Vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP levels seen in the
present study demonstrates the strong link between Vitamin D and its anti-inflammatory
properties.
We investigated the presence of a possible link between vitamin D deficiency and nasal
polyposis in the Indian population, as there were no previous studies cited in literature.
Our study showed a significant low level of vitamin D in the case group as compared
with the controls. The normal level of serum vitamin D is > 30 ng/ml. We observed
that the level of vitamin D was low in both the case and control groups, but the average
level of vitamin D in the case group was almost half when compared with the control
group.
In a study conducted by Sule et al[7] on 60 adult patients having nasal polyposis with or without allergic rhinitis and
40 healthy controls to evaluate the relationship between Th1/Th2 cell balance by measuring
the levels of IL-4, IL-10, IFN-ϒ and 1 α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, they observed that
the serum level of 25-OH vitamin D was significantly lower in nasal polyposis patients
with allergic rhinitis than in the control group (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in serum level of 25-OH vitamin
D between nasal polyposis without allergic rhinitis and the control group (p > 0.05).[7]
Saba et al[6] measured the vitamin D levels in patients with allergic rhinitis and study results
were compared with the general population of Iran. They found that prevalence of vitamin
D deficiency was significantly higher in patients with allergic rhinitis (30%) than
in the normal population (5.1%)[7]. Wjst et al, in their study of 18,224 adults, indicated an increase in the prevalence
of allergic rhinitis in vitamin D deficient subjects.[8]
Our study failed to establish a statistically significant difference (p = 0.261) between the vitamin D serum levels of patients with nasal polyposis having
allergic rhinitis and the patients with nasal polyposis without allergic rhinitis.
This was possibly because of the inadequate patient distribution in both subgroups.
This was a limitation of the present study. This observation is similar to the study
conducted by Sule et al where no statistical significance was found between vitamin
D levels in patients with nasal polyposis without allergic rhinitis and in the control
group of healthy subjects (p > 0.05).[7]
To our knowledge, there is no literature evaluating the relationship between vitamin
D levels and severity of nasal polyposis assessed by clinical and radiological scales.
Our study showed the median value of SNOT score was 48 (range 37–63) in the case group.
This corresponds to a moderate to severe nasal polyposis disease. We found the median
value of the Lund-Mackay score 11 (range 2–20) in the case group. This corresponds
to a mild to moderate type of disease. In our study, the levels of vitamin D demonstrated
a negative correlation with disease severity by the SNOT score and the Lund and Mackay
staging system.
Mulligan et al showed a strong inverse relationship between reduced plasma levels
of vitamin D and an increase in the CT (Computed tomography) bone remodeling score
in chronic rhinosinusitis (p = 0.009). The average CT bone remodeling score in patients with insufficient levels
(< 32 ng/ml) of serum vitamin D was significantly greater than in patients with adequate
(> 32 ng/ml) vitamin D levels (p = 0.016). This result supports the role of vitamin D in the exacerbation of chronic
rhinosinusitis-associated bone erosion.[9]
C-reactive protein is an acute phase reactant and its level increases in inflammatory
conditions like nasal polyposis. Acute phase proteins are systemic markers of inflammatory
response that are used in the diagnosis and prognosis of the course of the inflammatory
process. Recent studies show the role of CRP in immunity. C-reactive protein levels
are significantly higher in patients with polyps, suggesting systemic inflammation
in nasal polyposis. We observed in our study that the serum hs-CRP levels were elevated
in nasal polyposis patients and increased linearly with increasing disease severity.
To our knowledge, there is no literature evaluating the relationship between concentration
of serum hs-CRP and disease severity of nasal polyposis. We observed a statistically
significant moderately positive correlation between the levels of hs-CRP and the SNOT
score (p < 0.0001) and a weak positive correlation between hs-CRP and the Mackay- Lund staging
system (p = 0.005). We can conclude that a patient with severe nasal polyposis had a higher
level of CRP and corresponded to a higher disease severity score.
Partyka et al studied the usefulness of the hs-CRP and ferritin assay in 38 postoperative
patients of nasal polyposis and found a statistical difference in the results. Hence,
the authors concluded that the levels of CRP and ferritin can be used in early postoperative
detection of inflammatory state in patients with nasal polyposis and for the effectiveness
of the therapy.[10] Yildirim et al measured high sensitivity CRP levels in 100 patients divided into
4 equal number of groups, namely: patient with allergic rhinitis, CRS (Chronic rhino-sinusitis)
with nasal polyposis, CRS without nasal polyposis, and a nonsmoker healthy control
group. They found no statistically significant difference in the hs-CRP levels between
individuals in the first 3 groups and in those of the control group.[11] Büyüköztürk et al studied acute phase reactants (CRP, serum amyloid A [SAA] and
fibrinogen) in allergic rhinitis and asthma and demonstrated that acute phase reactant
SAA rises in patients with allergic rhinitis and in patients with asthma, but the
CRP and fibrinogen levels found were statistically insignificant in allergic airway
disease when compared with the control group.[12]
We observed that there was significant systemic inflammation and lowered 25-OH vitamin
levels in patients with nasal polyposis, as these markers were found to correlate
with the disease severity score of nasal polyposis. It might be possible for the physician
to use them to monitor therapeutic response. We can conclude that vitamin D supplementation
might reduce systemic inflammation. More longitudinal studies are needed to assess
this in the future.
Limitations of the Study
-
Computed tomography (CT) was used to assess the disease severity of the cases of nasal
polyposis. However, it is a protocol that patients requiring CT scan are advised CT
only after a course of oral and topical steroids, and CT is then requested if the
patients show no improvement. Thus, the true extent of the disease is not accurately
assessed, meaning that the results of correlation with vitamin D levels are possibly
erroneous. It is not practical to get a CT at the first sitting and one at a later
date due to the unnecessary radiation exposure of multiple CT scans.
-
Our study found an overwhelming number of patients with polyps having associated atopy,
as expected in the literature. However, this resulted in a small sample size for the
group of patients with polyps and without associated atopy. Subgroup analysis in this
group (with polyp and without atopy) for correlation between vitamin D levels and
hs-CRP or disease severity was not adequately powered and, hence, future studies are
required with a larger sample size to explore this association. It is only then that
some light can be shed on why polyps develop in some patients even without allergy.
Conclusion
Nasal polyps are associated with chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and
mainly associated with atopy. Vitamin D deficiency is common in the Indian population
and deficiency of vitamin D leads to significant inflammation and leads to polyps.
The study has shown a significant correlation between vitamin D deficiency and inflammation
in patients with nasal polyps. This study has shown that disease severity has some
relation to vitamin D levels, although not as well as its relation to paranasal sinus
involvement on CT scanning.
From our study, we can see a possible role of active vitamin D and its analogues supplementation
in the prevention and control of nasal polyposis. Synthesis of vitamin D derivatives
of similar antiproliferative and immunomodulative capabilities may open new therapeutic
possibilities in the future.
