Extended Oral Antibiotics and Infection Prophylaxis after a Primary or Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Cierra S. Hong; Collin S. Black; Sean P. Ryan; Thorsten M. Seyler

doi:10.1055/s-0039-3400755

The Journal of Knee Surgery, Table of Contents

J Knee Surg 2020; 33(02): 111-118
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400755

Special Focus Section

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Extended Oral Antibiotics and Infection Prophylaxis after a Primary or Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Authors

Cierra S. Hong

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
Collin S. Black

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
Sean P. Ryan

²Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Thorsten M. Seyler

²Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

Abstract

One of the most common reasons for failure of primary total knee arthroplasty and need for revision surgery is periprosthetic infection. Antibiotics are one of the mainstays of treatment to address prosthetic joint infections, but the route of administration and timing of delivery to optimize patient outcomes are debated. This article reviews the use and attributes of commonly used oral antibiotics, especially extended or long-term utilization, as prophylaxis and treatment for prosthetic joint infections in a primary or revision total knee arthroplasty, which include debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention, one-stage and two-stage exchange arthroplasty.

Keywords

total joint arthroplasty - prosthetic joint infection - oral prophylactic antibiotics

Full Text

References

References
1 Kahlenberg CA, Nwachukwu BU, McLawhorn AS, Cross MB, Cornell CN, Padgett DE. Patient satisfaction after total knee replacement: a systematic review. HSS J 2018; 14 (02) 192-201
2 Kurtz SM, Lau E, Watson H, Schmier JK, Parvizi J. Economic burden of periprosthetic joint infection in the United States. J Arthroplasty 2012; 27 (8, Suppl): 61-65.e1
3 Bozic KJ, Kurtz SM, Lau E. , et al. The epidemiology of revision total knee arthroplasty in the United States. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468 (01) 45-51
4 Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Nijman JM, Kampinga GA, van Assen S, Jutte PC. Efficacy of antibiotic suppressive therapy in patients with a prosthetic joint infection. J Bone Jt Infect 2017; 2 (02) 77-83
5 Khanna V, Tushinski DM, Soever LJ, Vincent AD, Backstein DJ. Above knee amputation following total knee arthroplasty: when enough is enough. J Arthroplasty 2015; 30 (04) 658-662
6 Gomez-Urena EO, Tande AJ, Osmon DR, Berbari EF. Diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection: cultures, biomarker and criteria. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017; 31 (02) 219-235
7 Parvizi J, Tan TL, Goswami K. , et al. The 2018 definition of periprosthetic hip and knee infection: an evidence-based and validated criteria. J Arthroplasty 2018; 33 (05) 1309-1314.e2
8 Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Ochsner PE. Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (16) 1645-1654
9 Boyle KK, Wood S, Tarity TD. Low-virulence organisms and periprosthetic joint infection-biofilm considerations of these organisms. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2018; 11 (03) 409-419
10 Tande AJ, Patel R. Prosthetic joint infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27 (02) 302-345
11 Bozhkova S, Tikhilov R, Labutin D. , et al. Failure of the first step of two-stage revision due to polymicrobial prosthetic joint infection of the hip. J Orthop Traumatol 2016; 17 (04) 369-376
12 Cha MS, Cho SH, Kim DH. , et al. Two-stage total knee arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection. Knee Surg Relat Res 2015; 27 (02) 82-89
13 Lum ZC, Natsuhara KM, Shelton TJ, Giordani M, Pereira GC, Meehan JP. Mortality during total knee periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty 2018; 33 (12) 3783-3788
14 Li C, Renz N, Trampuz A. Management of periprosthetic joint infection. Hip Pelvis 2018; 30 (03) 138-146
15 Rao N, Crossett LS, Sinha RK, Le Frock JL. Long-term suppression of infection in total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003; (414) 55-60
16 Siqueira MB, Saleh A, Klika AK. , et al. Chronic suppression of periprosthetic joint infections with oral antibiotics increases infection-free survivorship. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97 (15) 1220-1232
17 O'Hara LM, Thom KA, Preas MA. Update to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection (2017): a summary, review, and strategies for implementation. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46 (06) 602-609
18 O'Toole P, Osmon D, Soriano A. , et al. Oral antibiotic therapy. J Orthop Res 2014; 32 (Suppl. 01) S152-S157
19 Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR. , et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (01) e1-e25
20 Li HK, Rombach I, Zambellas R. , et al; OVIVA Trial Collaborators. Oral versus intravenous antibiotics for bone and joint infection. N Engl J Med 2019; 380 (05) 425-436
21 Cyriac JM, James E. Switch over from intravenous to oral therapy: a concise overview. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2014; 5 (02) 83-87
22 Landersdorfer CB, Bulitta JB, Kinzig M, Holzgrabe U, Sörgel F. Penetration of antibacterials into bone: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and bioanalytical considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet 2009; 48 (02) 89-124
23 Agwuh KN, MacGowan A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the tetracyclines including glycylcyclines. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58 (02) 256-265
24 Aboltins CA, Page MA, Buising KL. , et al. Treatment of staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections with debridement, prosthesis retention and oral rifampicin and fusidic acid. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13 (06) 586-591
25 Greenberg RN, Kennedy DJ, Reilly PM. , et al. Treatment of bone, joint, and soft-tissue infections with oral ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31 (02) 151-155
26 El Helou OC, Berbari EF, Lahr BD. , et al. Efficacy and safety of rifampin containing regimen for staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and retention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29 (08) 961-967
27 Puhto AP, Puhto T, Niinimäki T, Ohtonen P, Leppilahti J, Syrjälä H. Predictors of treatment outcome in prosthetic joint infections treated with prosthesis retention. Int Orthop 2015; 39 (09) 1785-1791
28 Zimmerli W, Widmer AF, Blatter M, Frei R, Ochsner PE. ; Foreign-Body Infection (FBI) Study Group. Role of rifampin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 279 (19) 1537-1541
29 Doernberg SB, Winston LG, Deck DH, Chambers HF. Does doxycycline protect against development of Clostridium difficile infection?. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55 (05) 615-620
30 Thamlikitkul V, Danpakdi K, Chokloikaew S. Incidence of diarrhea and Clostridium difficile toxin in stools from hospitalized patients receiving clindamycin, beta-lactams, or nonantibiotic medications. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996; 22 (02) 161-163
31 Pea F, Furlanut M, Cojutti P. , et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid: a retrospective monocentric analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54 (11) 4605-4610
32 Pradier M, Nguyen S, Robineau O. , et al. Suppressive antibiotic therapy with oral doxycycline for Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection: a retrospective study of 39 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50 (03) 447-452
33 Pradier M, Robineau O, Boucher A. , et al. Suppressive antibiotic therapy with oral tetracyclines for prosthetic joint infections: a retrospective study of 78 patients. Infection 2018; 46 (01) 39-47
34 Yassien M, Khardori N, Ahmedy A, Toama M. Modulation of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39 (10) 2262-2268
35 Shah NB, Osmon DR, Steckelberg JM. , et al. Pseudomonas prosthetic joint infections: a review of 102 episodes. J Bone Jt Infect 2016; 1: 25-30
36 Pushkin R, Iglesias-Ussel MD, Keedy K. , et al. A randomized study evaluating oral fusidic acid (CEM-102) in combination with oral rifampin compared with standard-of-care antibiotics for treatment of prosthetic joint infections: a newly identified drug-drug interaction. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63 (12) 1599-1604
37 Thompson JM, Saini V, Ashbaugh AG. , et al. Oral-only linezolid-rifampin is highly effective compared with other antibiotics for periprosthetic joint infection: study of a mouse model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99 (08) 656-665
38 Peel TN, Buising KL, Dowsey MM. , et al. Outcome of debridement and retention in prosthetic joint infections by methicillin-resistant staphylococci, with special reference to rifampin and fusidic acid combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57 (01) 350-355
39 Nijland HM, Ruslami R, Suroto AJ. , et al. Rifampicin reduces plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin in patients with tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45 (08) 1001-1007
40 Zeller V, Dzeing-Ella A, Kitzis MD, Ziza JM, Mamoudy P, Desplaces N. Continuous clindamycin infusion, an innovative approach to treating bone and joint infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54 (01) 88-92
41 Laffer RR, Graber P, Ochsner PE, Zimmerli W. Outcome of prosthetic knee-associated infection: evaluation of 40 consecutive episodes at a single centre. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12 (05) 433-439
42 Gómez J, Canovas E, Baños V. , et al. Linezolid plus rifampin as a salvage therapy in prosthetic joint infections treated without removing the implant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55 (09) 4308-4310
43 Rao N, Ziran BH, Hall RA, Santa ER. Successful treatment of chronic bone and joint infections with oral linezolid. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004; (427) 67-71
44 Razonable RR, Osmon DR, Steckelberg JM. Linezolid therapy for orthopedic infections. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79 (09) 1137-1144
45 Stein A, Bataille JF, Drancourt M. , et al. Ambulatory treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus-infected orthopedic implants with high-dose oral co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42 (12) 3086-3091
46 San Juan R, Garcia-Reyne A, Caba P. , et al. Safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin monotherapy for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54 (12) 5161-5166
47 Thompson S, Townsend R. Pharmacological agents for soft tissue and bone infected with MRSA: which agent and for how long?. Injury 2011; 42 (Suppl. 05) S7-S10
48 Rodríguez-Pardo D, Pigrau C, Lora-Tamayo J. , et al; REIPI Group for the Study of Prosthetic Infection. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection: outcome of a debridement, antibiotics and implant retention approach. A large multicentre study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 (11) O911-O919
49 Tornero E, Morata L, Martínez-Pastor JC. , et al. Importance of selection and duration of antibiotic regimen in prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and implant retention. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71 (05) 1395-1401
50 Odum SM, Fehring TK, Lombardi AV. , et al; Periprosthetic Infection Consortium. Irrigation and debridement for periprosthetic infections: does the organism matter?. J Arthroplasty 2011; 26 (6, Suppl): 114-118
51 Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR. , et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62 (04) e1-e50
52 Henk E, Brian D, Ian S. , et al. Can short term (two weeks or less) antibiotic treatment be considered following resection arthroplasty for chronic periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs)? Proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Prosthetic Joint Infection. Philadelphia 2018. Part II-Hip and Knee: 500–501. Available at: https://icmphilly.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/11/Hip-and-Knee.pdf . Accessed December 15, 2018
53 Enzler MJ, Berbari E, Osmon DR. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86 (07) 686-701
54 Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW. , et al; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg 2017; 152 (08) 784-791
55 Yates Jr AJ. ; American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Evidence-Based Medicine Committee. Postoperative prophylactic antibiotics in total joint arthroplasty. Arthroplast Today 2018; 4 (01) 130-131
56 Ryan SP, Kildow BJ, Tan TL, Parvizi J, Bolognesi MP, Seyler TM. ; American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Research Committee. Is there a difference in infection risk between single and multiple doses of prophylactic antibiotics? A meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2019; 477 (07) 1577-1590
57 Tan TL, Shohat N, Rondon AJ. , et al. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in total joint arthroplasty: a single dose is as effective as multiple doses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2019; 101 (05) 429-437
58 Inabathula A, Dilley JE, Ziemba-Davis M. , et al. Extended oral antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk patients substantially reduces primary total hip and knee arthroplasty 90-day infection rate. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100 (24) 2103-2109
59 Bert JM, Hooper J, Moen S. Outpatient total joint arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2017; 10 (04) 567-574
60 Kolisek FR, McGrath MS, Jessup NM, Monesmith EA, Mont MA. Comparison of outpatient versus inpatient total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467 (06) 1438-1442
61 Berger RA, Kusuma SK, Sanders SA, Thill ES, Sporer SM. The feasibility and perioperative complications of outpatient knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467 (06) 1443-1449
62 Bovonratwet P, Ondeck NT, Nelson SJ, Cui JJ, Webb ML, Grauer JN. Comparison of outpatient vs inpatient total knee arthroplasty: an ACS-NSQIP analysis. J Arthroplasty 2017; 32 (06) 1773-1778
63 Parvizi J, Mui A, Purtill JJ, Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH. Total joint arthroplasty: when do fatal or near-fatal complications occur?. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89 (01) 27-32
64 Namba RS, Inacio MC, Paxton EW. Risk factors associated with deep surgical site infections after primary total knee arthroplasty: an analysis of 56,216 knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95 (09) 775-782
65 Basques BA, Tetreault MW, Della Valle CJ. Same-day discharge compared with inpatient hospitalization following hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99 (23) 1969-1977
66 Esposito S, Leone S, Noviello S. , et al; Registro Nazionale OPAT. Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy in the elderly: an Italian Observational Multicenter Study. J Chemother 2009; 21 (02) 193-198
67 Seaton RA, Ritchie ND, Robb F, Stewart L, White B, Vallance C. From ‘OPAT’ to ‘COpAT’: implications of the OVIVA study for ambulatory management of bone and joint infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74 (08) 2119-2121
68 Kuiper JW, Vos SJ, Saouti R. , et al. Prosthetic joint-associated infections treated with DAIR (debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention): analysis of risk factors and local antibiotic carriers in 91 patients. Acta Orthop 2013; 84 (04) 380-386
69 Kuiper JW, Willink RT, Moojen DJ, van den Bekerom MP, Colen S. Treatment of acute periprosthetic infections with prosthesis retention: review of current concepts. World J Orthop 2014; 5 (05) 667-676
70 Chaussade H, Uçkay I, Vuagnat A. , et al. Antibiotic therapy duration for prosthetic joint infections treated by Debridement and Implant Retention (DAIR): similar long-term remission for 6 weeks as compared to 12 weeks. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 63: 37-42
71 Lora-Tamayo J, Euba G, Cobo J. , et al; Prosthetic Joint Infection Group of the Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases—REIPI. Short- versus long-duration levofloxacin plus rifampicin for acute staphylococcal prosthetic joint infection managed with implant retention: a randomised clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48 (03) 310-316
72 Puhto AP, Puhto T, Syrjala H. Short-course antibiotics for prosthetic joint infections treated with prosthesis retention. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 (11) 1143-1148
73 Engesæter LB, Dale H, Schrama JC, Hallan G, Lie SA. Surgical procedures in the treatment of 784 infected THAs reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop 2011; 82 (05) 530-537
74 Haddad FS, Sukeik M, Alazzawi S. Is single-stage revision according to a strict protocol effective in treatment of chronic knee arthroplasty infections?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473 (01) 8-14
75 Momin M, Li G, Wang Y, Maimaitiming A, Cao L. Single-stage revision for chronic periprosthetic joint infection of the knee: a minimum 4-year follow-up. Ann Joint 2017; 2 (07) 1-10
76 Bialecki J, Bucsi L, Fernando N. , et al. Hip and knee section, treatment, one stage exchange: proceedings of international consensus on orthopedic infections. J Arthroplasty 2019; 34 (2S): S421-S426
77 Ford AN, Holzmeister AM, Rees HW, Belich PD. Characterization of outcomes of 2-stage exchange arthroplasty in the treatment of prosthetic joint infections. J Arthroplasty 2018; 33 (7S): S224-S227
78 Zywiel MG, Johnson AJ, Stroh DA, Martin J, Marker DR, Mont MA. Prophylactic oral antibiotics reduce reinfection rates following two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop 2011; 35 (01) 37-42
79 Frank JM, Kayupov E, Moric M. , et al; Knee Society Research Group. The Mark Coventry, MD, Award: oral antibiotics reduce reinfection after two-stage exchange: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475 (01) 56-61
80 Saivin S, Houin G. Clinical pharmacokinetics of doxycycline and minocycline. Clin Pharmacokinet 1988; 15 (06) 355-366
81 Byren I, Bejon P, Atkins BL. , et al. One hundred and twelve infected arthroplasties treated with ‘DAIR’ (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention): antibiotic duration and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63 (06) 1264-1271