Keywords
Basic Clinical Science Course - Ophthalmology Knowledge Assessment Program - reading
speed - study schedule
The Basic and Clinical Sciences Course (BCSC) is an educational resource updated annually
by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) that serves as the primary reference
tool for ophthalmology physicians in training in the United States. The BSCS has been
available for over 70 years, and the current edition consists of 13 volumes, each
focusing on a specific subspecialty of ophthalmology.[1] Importantly, the BCSC serves as a reference manual for the annual Ophthalmic Knowledge
Assessment Program (OKAP) and the Written Qualifying Exam (WQE) of the American Board
of Ophthalmology (ABO).[2]
The OKAP is a computer-based multiple-choice examination that is administered to all
ophthalmology residents in the United States and Canada.[3]
[4]
[5] It is designed to measure the ophthalmic knowledge of residents relative to their
peers and is completed annually to facilitate the ongoing assessment of resident progress
and program effectiveness. Performance on the OKAP examination is often used as evaluation
criteria on fellowship applications[6] and has been correlated with ability to successfully pass the written and oral ophthalmic
boards.[2]
[3]
[7]
Questions for the OKAP examination are derived from the content of the BCSC,[8] and traditionally, ophthalmology residency programs emphasize the use of the BCSC
series in preparation for the exams. However, it may be challenging for residents
to complete the entire series before the OKAP examination given the large corpus of
ophthalmic knowledge that is increasing each year.[1] Furthermore, there are many other resources such as review manuals, residency program
lectures, and question banks that provide alternative methods for preparation for
the examination and compete for the available study time.[9]
There is a finite amount of preparation time–residents start their ophthalmology training
in the second year of the postgraduate medical education (postgraduate year 2 [PGY2])
and have just over 8 months between the start date (July) and the traditional timing
of the OKAP examination (mid-March). Ophthalmology residents are encouraged to start
their preparation early, and there are several online resources with study outlines
suggesting the number of sections/pages to read each week.[10] Unfortunately, there is limited guidance on how much time needs to be dedicated
to completing the BCSC series. Access to such information would be valuable in balancing
the challenge of studying for the examination while simultaneously learning new clinical
skills and juggling a busy call schedule.
In this investigation, we hope to answer the following question: what is the minimum
daily time commitment for a first-year ophthalmology resident to complete the BCSC
series before the OKAP examination? We hope to develop a model that can provide both
incoming and current ophthalmology residents with an additional tool to manage their
time and guide their ophthalmology education.
Methods
In this study, we develop a model for the daily time commitment required to read the
BSCS series. We use an electronic copy of the 2018–2019 BCSC to calculate the cumulative
word count in all text sections for each volume. We include all text sections including
titles, paragraphs, figure legends, footnotes, and self-assessment questions. We exclude
any images with text, as well as any diagrams with text, such as flow charts and tables.
We include only the educational content by excluding all text before the first chapter
and all text after the end of the last chapter in each volume.
Raw text data was imported and processed using MATLAB Version R2018B (MathWorks, Natick,
MA). The mean and range in word counts of each section were calculated using R Studio
for Mac Version 1.2.1335 (R Studio, Boston, MA).
We generate a formula to calculate minimal daily reading requirements based on cumulative
text length of each BCSC volume and self-assessed reading speed. The primary outcome
in this investigation is the minimum required reading time per day as a function of
reading speed for a first-year ophthalmology resident to complete the BCSC series
before the annual OKAP examination. We define the start date as July 1st and the end
date as March 23rd based on dates from the 2018 to 2019 academic year. Secondary outcomes
include daily time commitment to complete the BCSC given alternative start dates,
such as the beginning of the PGY1 year.
Results
The length of all text sections in the entire BCSC series is ∼1.35 million words.
The longest volume is “External Disease and Cornea,” and the shortest volume is “Lens
and Cataract” with ∼130,000 and 70,000 total words, respectively. Assuming a constant
reading speed of 250 words per minute, it would take the average reader 89.2 hours
to complete all of the text sections of the BCSC series ([Table 1]). For a first-year resident studying 6 days per week, this equates to 25.0 minutes
of reading per day starting July 1st and ending a week before the OKAP examination.
The minimum daily reading requirement can be calculated by:
Table 1
Time to complete each book in the BCSC series assuming a constant reading speed of
250 words per minute
|
No.
|
Topic
|
Estimated time to read (hours)
|
|
1
|
General Medicine
|
7.9
|
|
2
|
Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology
|
8.1
|
|
3
|
Clinical Optics
|
7.3
|
|
4
|
Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors
|
5.4
|
|
5
|
Neuro-Ophthalmology
|
7.9
|
|
6
|
Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
|
8.1
|
|
7
|
Orbit, Eyelids, and Lacrimal System
|
6.0
|
|
8
|
External Disease and Cornea
|
8.9
|
|
9
|
Intraocular Inflammation and Uveitis
|
6.9
|
|
10
|
Glaucoma
|
4.9
|
|
11
|
Lens and Cataract
|
4.8
|
|
12
|
Retina and Vitreous
|
8.1
|
|
13
|
Refractive Surgery
|
4.9
|
Abbreviation: BCSC, Basic and Clinical Science Course.
T is the time per day reading in minutes, v is the reading speed in words per minute, and C is a constant based on the BCSC text
length. We can further generalize this formula to allow for individual specialization
of study plan as follows:
B is the goal number of books to be covered, D is the number of days per week dedicated to studying, δt is the amount of time to
study in days, and h is number of anticipated days off for vacation and/or holidays. The constant C in
the generalized formula equals 14,835. [Table 2] summarizes daily reading time as a function of the goal number of books covered
and self-assessed reading speed. To maximize ease of use, both [Table 2] and [Eq. 2] assume each volume in the series is of equal length (1.35 million words/13 volumes).
[Table 3] demonstrates reading times based on alternative starting dates as determined by
the generalized formula. The time for a resident with a reading speed of 250 words/minute
to complete the BCSC series if started in the PGY 1 year is 10.2 minutes per day.
[Figure 1] illustrates a sample reading timeline for completing the series prior to the OKAP
examination based on the length of each volume.
Table 2
The daily time commitment required for reading the BSCS series
|
Goal number of books
|
Reading speed (words/min)
|
|
100
|
150
|
200
|
250
|
300
|
350
|
400
|
|
1
|
4.8
|
3.2
|
2.4
|
1.9
|
1.6
|
1.3
|
1.2
|
|
2
|
9.6
|
6.4
|
4.8
|
3.8
|
3.2
|
2.7
|
2.4
|
|
3
|
14.4
|
9.6
|
7.2
|
5.7
|
4.8
|
4.1
|
3.6
|
|
4
|
19.3
|
12.8
|
9.6
|
7.7
|
6.4
|
5.5
|
4.8
|
|
5
|
24.1
|
16
|
12
|
9.6
|
8
|
6.8
|
6
|
|
6
|
28.9
|
19.3
|
14.4
|
11.5
|
9.6
|
8.2
|
7.2
|
|
7
|
33.7
|
22.5
|
16.8
|
13.5
|
11.2
|
9.6
|
8.4
|
|
8
|
38.6
|
25.7
|
19.3
|
15.4
|
12.8
|
11
|
9.6
|
|
9
|
43.4
|
28.9
|
21.7
|
17.3
|
14.4
|
12.4
|
10.8
|
|
10
|
48.2
|
32.1
|
24.1
|
19.3
|
16
|
13.7
|
12
|
|
11
|
53
|
35.3
|
26.5
|
21.2
|
17.6
|
15.1
|
13.2
|
|
12
|
57.9
|
38.6
|
28.9
|
23.1
|
19.3
|
16.5
|
14.4
|
|
13
|
62.7
|
41.8
|
31.3
|
25
|
20.9
|
17.9
|
15.6
|
Abbreviations: BCSC, Basic and Clinical Science Course; OKAP, Ophthalmic Knowledge
Assessment Program.
This table shows the time required (in minutes per day) for a first-year ophthalmology
resident starting July 1st to complete a goal number of books before the OKAP examination
in March. With a self-assessed reading speed (in words per minute), this table can
be used as a tool to design a study schedule.
Table 3
Alternative strategies for reading the entire BCSC series
|
Goal
|
Reading speed (words/min)
|
|
100
|
150
|
200
|
250
|
300
|
350
|
400
|
|
Entire BCSC series started PGY2 before OKAPs
|
62.7
|
41.8
|
31.3
|
25
|
20.9
|
17.9
|
15.6
|
|
Entire BCSC series started PGY1 before OKAPs
|
25.5
|
17
|
12.7
|
10.2
|
8.5
|
7.3
|
6.3
|
|
Entire BCSC series over course of 3-year residency
|
14.3
|
9.5
|
7.1
|
5.7
|
4.7
|
4.1
|
3.5
|
|
Cramming entire BCSC series from Jan 1st before OKAPs (no breaks)
|
166.6
|
111.1
|
83.3
|
66.6
|
55.5
|
47.6
|
41.6
|
Abbreviations: BCSC, Basic and Clinical Science Course; OKAPs, Ophthalmic Knowledge
Assessment Programs; PGY1, postgraduate year 1.
Note: Time spent (in minutes per day) reading to complete the BCSC series with the
specified time frame goal. Notice that starting the BCSC series in the PGY1 intern
year can make completing the series before the first OKAP examination substantially
more feasible in terms of per day commitment.
Discussion
In this analysis, we show that the text sections of the entire BSCS can be completed
at a sustained reading speed of 250 words per minute in ∼90 hours. This time period
translates to 25 minutes per day of dedicated BCSC reading for a first-year resident
to complete the entire series before the OKAP examination. At first glance, this commitment
seems like a reasonably attainable goal; however, given the caveats discussed below,
we emphasize that these numbers can at best be interpreted as the minimum amount of
time necessary to complete all of the volumes.
First, we are using a text-centric approach to calculate the length of each BCSC volume
and base our model on the cumulative word count. We chose this approach because it
provides a more accurate prediction of required reading time compared with calculating
the number of pages per section and pages per minute given the high variability in
amount of content in each individual page. By excluding images, figures, and tables
from our calculation, however, we underestimate the time required to read each section.
We intentionally exclude figures due to the challenge of assigning a “reading time”
to a figure given both the high degree of inter-figure and inter-reader variability.
Each figure is inherently different and requires varying levels of interpretation.
In addition, each individual reader is unique and may prioritize time spent on figures
differently. Further investigation may seek to quantify the inter-figure and inter-reader
variability and assign a time-value as a function of figure complexity.
Next, our methodology relies on a sustained self-determined reading speed. Reading
speed of the general population ranges between 200 and 300 words per minutes and increases
as a function of level of education.[11] One may also assume that reading speed is a function of the depth and complexity
of the material. The combination of advanced text and terms and definitions that are
likely novel to first-year ophthalmology residents would be expected to dramatically
decrease the average reading speed. Furthermore, while reading the BCSC text, various
retention techniques such as reading aloud, annotating the text, or taking notes by
hand or on a computer will impact the net words covered per minute. To our knowledge,
there have been no studies looking at the reading speed of ophthalmic texts by trainees
of differing levels. For this reason, we propose that residents wishing to apply our
model assess their own reading speed and use the table to predict how much time to
dedicate to reading the BSCS each day. There are many tools available for self-evaluation
of reading speed that residents could employ that mimic the reading level of the BCSC
series. Using longer text and paragraphs would be preferable because of lower variance
in measurements.[12]
[13]
Furthermore, we describe a single read through the BCSC series. In practice, certain
sections may need to be read only once, whereas other sections may need to be reread
multiple times to attain an adequate level of comprehension. To our knowledge, there
have not been any published studies investigating the retention and recall in preparation
for the OKAP examination. Our results should thus be interpreted as a guideline for
the minimal time commitment required when using the BCSC as a preparation resource.
For the results shown in [Table 2], we assume the first-year resident is studying 6 out of 7 days of the week with
1 week for a break/holiday with the aim of completing a goal number of books by 1
week before the examination. The method of preparation can vary for individuals, and
for this reason, we provide an equation ([Eq. 2]) that can be used by individuals to tailor their own study plan. It is up to each
individual to account for missed days, and it may be wise to incorporate additional
days into the holiday variable to provide a buffer for unforeseen circumstances. We
intentionally chose to simplify [Eq. 2] and [Table 2] by assuming each textbook is the same average length. A more complex formula can
be designed that takes into consideration the different lengths of each textbook;
however, we felt the benefits of a simplicity and ease of use outweighed potential
benefits of additional precision.
For a resident that starts preparing for the OKAP examination using the BCSC in the
first-year of postgraduate medical training (PGY1), we show a required commitment
of ∼10 minutes per day or less than 1 hour per week (assuming a 6 days per week study
schedule). We believe this is a much more realistic pace where even a few weeks of
missed study time could be made up. We feel our study supports the growing sentiment
to incorporate more ophthalmic training into the PGY1 year, prior to the official
start of an ophthalmology residency in the PGY2 year. Residency programs should consider
providing the BCSC to incoming residents as early as the PGY1 year and encourage them
to begin reviewing the material immediately if it remains a priority to complete the
curriculum by the OKAP examination.
In this investigation, we propose a tool to help guide both current and future residents
in planning their coverage of the BSCS reading material. We hope that with a better
understanding of the daily time commitment involved in completing the BCSC series
both ophthalmology residents and residency programs will be able to develop more successful
study plans and ultimately improved educational outcomes.
Fig. 1 Sample reading timeline for completing all Basic and Clinical Science Course books
prior to the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program examination. Self-assessed reading
speed can be used to calculate the amount of time needed to dedicate per day to follow
such a schedule.
