Introduction
Gastroenterological endoscopists are instructed to adjust the instrument channel outlet
to the target when they take a biopsy specimen, puncture, use a snare, or cut a target
organ [1]
[2]. Doing so allows a clear line of sight between the object lens and the target, thereby
making treatment easier and safer ([Fig. 1 a], [Fig. 1 b]). Such a maneuver is performed primarily by rotating the shaft of the endoscopic
insertion tube, which can be difficult in some situations when existing endoscopic
methods are used. We earlier described and analyzed a method for optimal rotation
of the endoscopic insertion tube shaft, called the loop-forming method (LFM) [3]. The present study aimed to validate the usefulness of this technique.
Fig. 1 a It may be difficult to treat the target on the upper wall because of hampered visibility.
b Bringing the target to the 6-o'clock position creates a clear line of sight between
the object lens and the target.
Participants and methods
Endoscopic insertion tube shaft rotation
Conventional method to rotate the endoscope insertion tube shaft leftward ([Fig. 2 a], [Fig. 2 b])
Fig. 2 Conventional method of rotating the endoscopic insertion tube shaft to the left.
a Starting position without rotation. b Maximum shaft rotation position. The inlet of the instrument channel is facing the
floor.
Many endoscopists rotate the shaft of the insertion tube to the left by moving the
control section downward and leftward. As the shaft rotates to the left, the control
section tends to project farther away from the right hand. This may make it difficult
to operate instruments through the instrument channel in some cases.
Mechanics of the loop-forming method ([Fig. 3 a], [Fig. 3 b], [Fig.3 c])
Fig. 3 Mechanics of the loop-forming method. a Starting position without rotation. b As the insertion tube is twisted to the left, it gradually forms a loop. c When it is twisted 360°, the insertion tube will have formed a perfect loop.
As the insertion tube is twisted to the left, it gradually forms a loop. After a rotation
angle of 360°, it will have formed a perfect loop and be difficult to twist further.
In the LFM, the examiner rotates the shaft of the endoscopic insertion tube by using
the left hand to form a loop.
Clinical application of the loop-forming method ([Fig. 4 a], [Fig. 4 b], [Fig. 4 c])
Fig. 4 Clinical application of the loop-forming method. a Starting position without rotation. b To rotate the shaft of the endoscopic insertion tube, the examiner moves the left
hand forward and downward while grasping the control section. The right hand lightly
supports the insertion tube without grasping it. c To obtain maximum rotation, the examiner shortens the distance between the right
and left hands.
The examiner stands facing the patient, who is typically lying on the left side, and
moves the left hand forward and downward while holding the control section. The right
hand lightly supports the insertion tube without grasping it. This technique cannot
be readily employed with an endoscope that has a long shaft, such as a colonoscope.
Verification of the usefulness of the loop-forming method
Device for measuring the shaft rotation angle
We constructed a device to measure the rotation angle of the endoscopic insertion
tube shaft. A cylinder with a protractor attached at one end was fixed to the bottom
of a larger cylinder 50 cm in length. The endoscope was inserted into the bottom of
the cylinder and set at an origin point ([Fig. 5]). We considered this point to be the position where the vertical line on a monitor
and the actual vertical line (extending from 12 to 6 o'clock) would be in alignment.
We measured the rotation angle on a monitor screen ([Fig. 6], [Video 1]). A gastroscope (GIF-Q240; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was used in this study.
Fig. 5 Device for measuring the rotation angle of the endoscopic insertion tube shaft with
an endoscope placed inside.
Fig. 6 The measuring device is first fixed on a bed. The examiner and a judge measure rotation
on a monitor. This position is 180° of leftward rotation with the loop-forming method.
An examiner is inserting the endoscope into the measuring device. At the bottom of
the fixed smaller cylinder, the examiner can be seen to rotate the shaft to the left
for a total of 90°, 180°, and 270° as measured by a protractor attached to the bottom
of the device.
Participants and methods
The study enrolled 28 endoscopists working in our endoscopic examination center ([Table 1]). At first, each participant rotated the shaft of the endoscopic insertion tube
to the left in a conventional fashion, and the angle from the point of origin to the
point of maximum rotation was evaluated with the measuring device three times. The
endoscopists were strictly ordered not to twist the insertion tube with the right
hand. Afterward, they attended a lecture on the LFM and then repeated the same measurement
experiment while using the new technique. They were again instructed not to twist
the insertion tube with the right hand and not to tilt the control section of the
endoscope. The control unit of the endoscope was held on each participant’s right
side. Statistical analysis was performed with Wilcoxon’s rank sum test.
Table 1
Characteristics of 28 participants enrolled in a study of the loop-forming method
as a useful technique to rotate the endoscopic insertion tube shaft.
|
Men/women, n (%)
|
24 (86)/4 (14)
|
|
Age, median (range), y
|
31 (26 – 45)
|
|
Experience as an endoscopist, median (range), y
|
4 (0.5 – 19)
|
Results
All of the endoscopists lowered the control section of endoscope to the left when
they initially rotated the shaft of the endoscopic insertion tube leftward ( [Fig. 2]). We noted that the LFM enabled all participants to improve their average rotation
angle to the left; the average leftward rotation angle increased significantly from
266° (range 203° – 323°) with the conventional method to 327° (range 283 – 407°) with
the LFM (P < 0.01) ([Fig. 7]).
Fig. 7 Average rotation angles of the endoscopic insertion tube shaft to the left before
and after a lecture on the loop-forming method (LFM). By using the LFM, all endoscopists
increased their average leftward rotation angle, and the increase was significant
(P < 0.01).
Discussion
Operation of a gastroscope can be broadly divided into three components: pushing the
insertion tube in and pulling it out, controlling angulation, and rotating the shaft
of the insertion tube. Rotation is an important endoscopic movement that allows a
clear line of sight between the object lens and the target, thereby making procedures
easier and safer. Although doctors routinely perform examinations with a gastroscope
worldwide, there has been little discussion on the ideal way to operate the device.
Many operators naturally bend the endoscopic insertion tube to some extent to rotate
the shaft. However, no studies have precisely analyzed the mechanism of shaft rotation,
and so a bending method to rotate the shaft of the endoscopic insertion tube has not
been formally introduced until now. We earlier devised a simple model of the LFM to
establish an optimal bending method for shaft rotation [3]. The device for measuring the shaft rotation angle has enabled us to analyze and
discuss this technique in greater detail.
All of the participants in this study initially tilted the control section of the
endoscope downward and leftward when rotating the endoscopic insertion tube shaft
to the left. The average leftward rotation angle was 266° with the conventional method,
which increased by approximately 60° with the LFM. The shape of the loop and degree
of wrist flexion for each endoscopist likely accounted for the variance in rotation
angles. The LFM is most applicable when the insertion tube length into the patient's
body is between 0 and approximately 55 cm as the endoscope used in the present study
does not allow the insertion tube shaft to be bent to a diameter of less than 12 cm.
Under these conditions, similar results can be expected in live patients undergoing
gastric endoscopic procedures in a wide range of body positions because the effectiveness
of the LFM depends on the configuration of the loop outside the body.
Although the conventional endoscope rotation style may be a more natural way to rotate
the shaft, we have shown that it has a clear disadvantage for leftward rotation compared
with the LFM. Furthermore, the instrument channel inlet became distanced from the
right hand when the shaft was rotated fully to the left with the ordinary method ([Fig. 2b]). Thus, although a conventional approach may be adequate for screening endoscopy,
handling instruments through the instrument channel may become problematic with the
examiner in such a strained posture. This is a primary reason why the leftward rotation
angle is reduced when endoscopists use instruments with the conventional method. On
the other hand, the leftward rotation angle was significantly increased with the LFM,
and most of the operative angles (0 – 270°) remained available with the examiner in
a comfortable posture without right-hand support of the insertion tube shaft.
Approximately 360° of total rotation (right plus left) angle are needed for some endoscopic
treatments. Full rotation is especially useful during endoscopic injection sclerotherapy
for esophageal varices [3]. Although near-maximum leftward rotation ( [Fig. 2 b]) may be required to obtain such an angle with a conventional method, only moderate
leftward rotation ([Fig. 4 b]) is needed to obtain this angle with the LFM ([Video 2]). The LFM is also very useful during endoscopic screening procedures, especially
in the fornix and cardia, by allowing operators to examine all areas while in a steady
position ([Video 3]).
In conclusion, we recommend specific instruction in the LFM technique for all endoscopists
to increase the ease and safety of biopsy and therapeutic procedures.
Comparison of methods to rotate the endoscopic insertion tube shaft to the left.
The maximum rotation angle obtained with the conventional method can be achieved with
only moderate movement when the loop-forming method is used.
The endoscopist can examine all areas of the fornix and cardia while in a steady
position when using the loop-forming method.
