Keywords
attitude - behavior - COVID-19 - knowledge - public health
Introduction
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread to various countries including
Indonesia. Jakarta became the first city to report cases, with two cases reported
on March 2, 2020. As of September 12, 2020, the spread of cases had reached 34 provinces
in Indonesia with a death rate of 4.68%.[1] Various efforts have been made by the government to prevent COVID-19 transmission.[2] However, during the 6 months of this pandemic, cases continued to increase.[3]
[4]
Hospitalized patients are very susceptible to carrying the virus home and transmitting
it to other members of their families.[5] Both hospitalized patients and their families must have the knowledge, display an
appropriate attitude and behavior, and understand the preventive action needed to
avoid the infection.[6] Preventive actions for COVID-19 transmission include washing hands with soap,[7] following guidelines on cough/sneeze etiquette, wearing a mask,[8] and maintaining distance when interacting with others.[9] This behavior requires knowledge and action and has implications for people's lives
and also in public health.[10] Behavior is a human reaction due to cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitude),
and psychomotor activities, which are interrelated.[11] If one of these aspects experiences obstacles, then other aspects of behavior are
also disturbed.[12] Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to find out the knowledge and attitude
related to COVID-19 because it will directly affect people's behaviors.
The hospitals have become hotspots for COVID-19 infection, and hundreds of healthcare
workers have been infected,[13] and it is possible to spread the infection from health workers to non-infected patients
and the patients' families.[14] Moreover, patients and families must have good knowledge about COVID-19 precautions
because both are at risk of transmitting COVID-19 to nearby patients and health workers
if they do not behave properly. This research was first conducted in Fatmawati Hospital
since the COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020 to describe the knowledge, attitudes,
and behavior of the hospitalized patient's family in Fatmawati Hospital, Jakarta,
in an effort to prevent COVID-19.
Materials and Methods
Ethical Concern
This research has been approved by the Ethics Committee and Bagian Pendidikan dan
Penelitian (DIKLIT)-Fatmawati Hospital with registered number 01.01/VII.2/418/2020.
Study Participants
The cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to September 2020 in the care unit
at Teratai, Fatmawati Hospital using a questionnaire. The participants were the patients'
families, who accompanied a patient being treated in the care unit. The participants
including in this study were aged at least 20 years, lived in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,
Tangerang, and Bekasi city and agreed to become a respondent.
Sample Size
The sample size was measured using the proportioned formula.
The deff (the design effect) = 1; N (population size) = 1336; p (awareness rate) = 30%; q = 1-p; α = 0.05; d (tolerance rate) = 2%. An extra 10% was added for questionnaires that were filled
wrongly, giving a calculated minimum sample size of 274. Families of three hundred
patients participated in the study.
Questionnaire
The self-administered questionnaire contained three sections consisting of 21 questions
related to knowledge, attitude, and behavior in an effort to prevent COVID-19.
The knowledge section consisted of 10 questions, adopted from Bhagavathula et al,
2020, and was related to general symptoms, transmission, prevention, and factors that
aggravate the prognosis of COVID-19.[15] Respondents answered this section by selecting the answer to each question with
a “yes” or “no.” Each question scored as 1 if the respondent selected the right answer.
The level of knowledge was divided into two categories, value ≥ 6 indicated good knowledge
and < 6 indicated poor knowledge.
The attitude section consisted of five questions, adopted from Zhang et al, 2020,
and covered the respondents' feelings of anxiety, disappointment, fatigue, irritability,
and difficulty sleeping.[16] The attitude questions were provided values using the Likert scale ranging from
1 (never), 1 (rarely), 2 (often), to 3 (always).
The behavior sections consisted of six questions related to wearing a mask, washing
hands, avoiding crowds, staying at home, and reducing outdoor activities, maintaining
social distancing, and doing exercise. The behavior was valued using a Likert scale
ranging from 1 (never), 1 (rarely), 2 (often), to 3 (always).
Questioner Validity and Reliability
The questionnaire data obtained were analyzed using the validity test (Pearson correlation) and reliability test (Cronbach's alpha) with IBM SPSS Statistic version 23. The validity test used Pearson's product moment correlation, with p < 0.05.
Data Analysis
The obtained data were coded, validated, and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistic version
23. Descriptive analysis was applied to calculate frequencies and proportions. The
Chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship of knowledge and attitude
to the behavior aspect. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Respondent Characteristics
Most respondents who participated in this study were females (58.7%), aged >40 years
(31.7%), with senior high school education (52.3%) ([Table 1]).
Table 1
Respondent characteristics
|
Characteristic
|
N (%)
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
124 (41.3)
|
|
Female
|
176 (58.7)
|
|
Ages
|
|
20–30
|
96 (31.7)
|
|
30–40
|
91 (30.3)
|
|
> 40
|
113 (38)
|
|
Educational background
|
|
Elementary school
|
23 (7.7)
|
|
Junior high school
|
29 (9.7)
|
|
Senior high school
|
157 (52.3)
|
|
University
|
91 (30.3)
|
Knowledge Aspect
Most of the respondents knew the symptoms of COVID-19, such as fever, dry cough, weakness,
body ache (92.7%) and flu, sneezing, and a runny nose (81.3%). The respondents knew
factors that affect the prognosis of COVID-19, such as being elderly (93.7%) and history
of heart disease (84.0%); modes of transmission, such as droplet transmission (93.7%);
and ways of preventing COVID-19, such as wearing a mask (99.7%), washing hands with
soap (99.3%), and isolation after contact with a COVID-19 patient (95.7%) ([Table 2]). However, more than half of the respondents (59.0%) did not know that COVID-19
is a contagious disease because people with COVID-19 could still transmit it without
experiencing any signs and symptoms. The majority of respondents (97.7%) had good
knowledge of COVID-19 and only 2.3% had poor knowledge of COVID-19.
Table 2
The knowledge of respondents related to COVID-19 prevention
|
Questions
|
Response
|
|
True
N (%)
|
False
N (%)
|
|
Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, weakness, and body aches
|
278 (92.7)
|
22 (7.3)
|
|
Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 such as flu, sneezing, and runny nose
|
244 (81.3)
|
56 (18.7)
|
|
Elderly are risk of getting COVID-19 infection
|
281 (93.7)
|
19 (6.3)
|
|
People with a history of heart disease find it difficult to recover if they have COVID-19
|
252 (84.0)
|
48 (16.0)
|
|
Eating meat from wild animals such as bats can transmit COVID-19 infection
|
235 (78.3)
|
65 (21.7)
|
|
People who are infected with COVID-19 can transmit it even though they have no symptoms
|
123 (41.0)
|
177 (59.0)
|
|
Coronaviruses are transmitted through droplets
|
281 (93.7)
|
19 (6.3)
|
|
Wearing mask can prevent the COVID-19 infection
|
299 (99.7)
|
1 (0.3)
|
|
Washing hands with soap is able to prevent the COVID-19 infection
|
298 (99.3)
|
2 (0.6)
|
|
The isolation for 14 days must be performed after contact with a COVID-19 patient
|
287 (95.7)
|
13 (4.3)
|
Attitude Aspect
The respondents had different reactions when they heard about COVID-19 in the news,
such as often feeling anxious (38.7%), rarely getting angry (40.7%), never feeling
tired (38%), always being disappointed when COVID-19 cases continued to increase (36.3%),
and never having sleeping trouble when hearing the news of COVID-19 (55.3%) ([Table 3]).
Table 3
The attitude of respondent related to COVID-19 prevention
|
Questions
|
Response
|
N
|
Percentage
|
|
Feel anxious when you hear news about COVID-19
|
Never
|
33
|
11.0
|
|
Rarely
|
78
|
26.0
|
|
Often
|
116
|
38.7
|
|
Always
|
73
|
24.3
|
|
Get angry easily when you hear news about COVID-19
|
Never
|
125
|
41.7
|
|
Rarely
|
122
|
40.7
|
|
Often
|
38
|
12.7
|
|
Always
|
15
|
5.0
|
|
Feel tired when you think about news about COVID-19
|
Never
|
114
|
38.0
|
|
Rarely
|
93
|
31.0
|
|
Often
|
64
|
21.3
|
|
Always
|
29
|
9.7
|
|
Feel disappointed because the number of sufferers of COVID-19 continues to grow
|
Never
|
43
|
14.3
|
|
Rarely
|
55
|
18.3
|
|
Often
|
93
|
31.0
|
|
Always
|
109
|
36.3
|
|
Difficulty sleeping when hearing the news of COVID-19
|
Never
|
166
|
55.3
|
|
Rarely
|
96
|
32.0
|
|
Often
|
23
|
7.7
|
|
Always
|
15
|
5.0
|
Behavior Aspect
Behaviors related to the effort to prevent COVID-19 included most respondents always
wearing a mask when leaving the house (88%), washing their hands with soap after leaving
the house (84.3%), avoiding crowds (64.7%), staying at home and reducing outdoor activities
(51.3%), keeping a distance when meeting other people (61.3%), and rarely exercising
(40.3%) ([Table 4]).
Table 4
The behavior of respondents related to COVID-19 prevention
|
Questions
|
Response
|
N
|
Percentage
|
|
Wear a mask when leaving the house
|
Never
|
5
|
1.7
|
|
Rarely
|
1
|
0.3
|
|
Often
|
28
|
9.3
|
|
Always
|
266
|
88.0
|
|
Wash your hands after leaving the house
|
Never
|
6
|
2.0
|
|
Rarely
|
5
|
1.7
|
|
Often
|
36
|
12.0
|
|
Always
|
253
|
84.3
|
|
Avoid crowds
|
Never
|
5
|
1.7
|
|
Rarely
|
31
|
10.3
|
|
Often
|
70
|
23.3
|
|
Always
|
194
|
64.7
|
|
Stay at home and reduce outdoor activities
|
Never
|
11
|
3.7
|
|
Rarely
|
55
|
18.3
|
|
Often
|
80
|
26.7
|
|
Always
|
154
|
51.3
|
|
Keep your distance when meeting other people
|
Never
|
6
|
2.0
|
|
Rarely
|
37
|
12.3
|
|
Often
|
73
|
24.3
|
|
Always
|
184
|
61.3
|
|
Exercise regularly
|
Never
|
28
|
9.3
|
|
Rarely
|
121
|
40.3
|
|
Often
|
78
|
26.0
|
|
Always
|
73
|
24.3
|
The Relationship of Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior
The chi-square test showed no relationship between knowledge aspect and behavior-related
COVID-19 (p = 0.414). Similarly, no relationship between attitude aspects of knowledge was observed
(p = 0.165).
Discussion
COVID-19 has become a global health problem since early 2020. Until now, the spread
of COVID-19 continues and a vaccine for this disease is limited. To inhibit or break
the chain of the spread of COVID-19, the participation of all parties from the community,
government, and health facilities is required.[17] Knowledge, attitude, and behavior are regarded as having a significant influence
on the understanding and taking of preventive measures and bridging the gap toward
the delivery of health information.[6] In this study, the majority of hospitalized patients' families had good knowledge
(97.7%). This excellent level of knowledge is expected to influence good preventive
behavior as well.[18] The results of this knowledge are in line with the results of research in several
other countries that also used a questionnaire instrument for 240 to 6,989 respondents.
Zhong stated that 90% of respondents in Hubei, China, had good knowledge about COVID-19.[19] The knowledge was determined from the information obtained from the respondent.
In the era of modernization, information is easily obtained in various ways. Socialization
directly or through social media by the Government and related parties has been performed
in the community. In addition, the citizen is also actively seeking information related
to COVID-19 because it is serious, occurs globally, and has an impact on all aspects
of life.
The knowledge was determined by the information obtained from the respondents. In
the modern era, all information can be easily obtained in several ways. Socialization,
directly or through social media, by the government and related parties has been performed
in the community. In addition, the public is actively seeking information related
to COVID-19 because it is serious, occurring globally, and impacting all aspects of
life.
Although the hospitalized patients' families' knowledge was very good, 59% of the
respondents did not know that people with COVID-19 could still be contagious even
though they had no symptoms. The results of another study at the Medical Centre of
Jimma University also stated that most of the respondents did not know that an asymptomatic
individual could transmit the infection to other people.[20] The rate of asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19 reached 70% in Jakarta in early
September 2020 and this figure continues to increase compared with the previous month.
This high number and public ignorance of the asymptomatic individuals could result
in accelerating the transmission of COVID-19.[21]
[22] Therefore, it is important to conduct socialization related to the definition and
dangers of asymptomatic individuals by the government, health facilities, and health
providers in the community.
In addition to knowledge aspects, individual healthy behavior is influenced by attitude
aspects. Attitude relates to a person's feelings and emotions. The majority of respondents
stated that they often feel anxious when they hear news about COVID-19 (38.7%). Various
studies in several countries affected by COVID-19 obtained the same results. Situations
that cause anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic include the large amount of news disseminated
through various media platforms about sufferers of COVID-19 and the growing death
rate. Conditions of uncertainty, economic difficulties, reduced social activities
and social support due to quarantine policies, loss of family due to COVID-19, and
social stigma against people with COVID-19 also add to public anxiety.[23] At a higher level, anxiety can lead to body vigilance, errors in interpreting body
sensations, and illness behaviors such as visiting doctors or hospitals even though
not needed and collecting excessive personal protective equipment.[24] In the current pandemic condition, people often look for COVID-19 information on
social media to reduce their fear, collect PPE (personal protective equipment), personal
drugs, and vitamins excessively.
Anxiety and disappointment were the most common psychological responses in this study.
This response can be dangerous to health if someone experiences it in excess. Anxiety
and disappointment become a stimulus for the body to produce cortisol. When there
is stress, the body will activate the hypothalamus, adrenal, and pituitary glands
to secrete glucocorticoids through corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Glucocorticoids
affect the body's metabolism and heart function, as well as the immune response.[25] Stress triggers the body's immune response by increasing the inflammatory response
and stimulating inflammatory mediators so that a person becomes susceptible to infections.
Knowledge and good affectivity affect an individual's behavior.[26] In this research, this condition confirmed how the respondents reflexed their knowledge
and attitude into behavior to prevent COVID-19. This fact was confirmed by how the
respondents turned their knowledge and affectivity into behavior and actions to prevent
COVID-19. Wearing masks, washing hands, avoiding crowds, staying at home, reducing
outdoor activities, maintaining social distancing, and exercising regularly were performed
by most respondents; these actions are the key to preventing COVID-19 from spreading.
The COVID-19 outbreak started very suddenly and has had a direct impact on all aspects
of life. For its effective prevention, rapid dissemination of information is needed
to shape peoples' behavior and help them understand this condition. Prevention is
not only needed at a community level; a necessary and important aspect of prevention
also exists at an individual level.[27]
The results of this study showed no relationship between knowledge and attitudes related
to COVID-19. Zhong et al (2020) obtained different results, where respondents' knowledge
could significantly decrease the risky behavior.[19] Kebede et al (2020) showed that preventive behavior was better in respondents with
higher knowledge.[20] These differences can be caused by the characteristics and the number of respondents.
The number of respondents in Zhong's study was 6,910; 51.7% were 30 to 49 years old
and 44% were undergraduate. While in this study, the number of respondents was 300;
38% were aged over 40 years, and 52.3% had received senior high school level education.
To date, no related studies that explain the influence of attitude aspects on COVID-19
prevention behavior are available. The majority of existing studies describe the attitude,
psychosocial, and mental health in some countries as described above. Therefore, efforts
to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 should not only focus on cognitive aspects
or knowledge but also psychological support. Fatmawati Hospital has an important role
in educating patients and their families about preventing the transmission of COVID-19
and providing support to reduce anxiety during this pandemic.
The overall knowledge, attitude, and behavior (washing hands with soap, following
cough/sneeze etiquette, using a mask, and keeping a distance when interacting) of
the hospitalized patient's family were higher and they already knew what to do to
COVID-19. The level of knowledge about COVID-19 could still be contagious even though
they had no symptoms, only 59% based on this survey. This high number and public ignorance
of asymptomatic individuals could accelerate the transmission of COVID-19. The rapid
dissemination of information is needed to shape people's behavior to understand this
condition for its effective prevention.
The limitation of this study lies in the absence of patients with covid-19. This is
due to limited access to the patient's family. However, the data obtained provide
important information on the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of patients' families.
Knowledge becomes an important basis for people on how to behave in the face of these
conditions. So, it is important to know how to describe knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviors related to preventing COVID-19.
In conclusion, the hospitalized patients' families exhibited an adequate level of
knowledge, attitude, and performance in preventive behaviors toward COVID-19. It is
hoped that with the positive answers from the families of these patients, the spread
of infection to the nearby patients, family, and health workers can be minimized to
reduce the number of COVID-19 occurrences.
