Keywords
fibro adipose vascular anomaly - vascular malformation - venous malformation
Introduction
Fibro adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) is a type of vascular malformation which is
classified under the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA)
in the provisionally unclassified vascular malformation group.[1]
[2] FAVA tends to occur more in young females and lower extremities. Clinical, imaging
findings, and histopathological correlations are needed for better understanding of
the disease and to differentiate it from other vascular malformations. No single treatment
is available for FAVA. A combination of sclerotherapy, intralesional steroids, cryotherapy,
or ablation therapy can be tried. If there is restriction in movement surgical cut
down/resection can be done.
Case Report
A 14-year-old female referred from the orthopaedics department for the evaluation
of swelling over the posterior aspect of the left lower limb in suspicion of venous
malformation (VM). The patient had swelling over the calf and dorsal aspect of the
left foot for the past 10 years which was insidious in onset, gradually progressive,
and associated with severe constant pain at the local site with restriction in movement.
No history of trauma, fever, or similar family history was observed. There was past
history of sclerotherapy and Achilles tendon release 2 to 3 years back, however, there
was no much improvement. Routine blood investigations including coagulation profile,
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were within normal limits.
On clinical examination, the left lower limb was thinner compared with the right ([Fig. 1]). There were multiple areas of soft swelling over the posterior aspect of the left
leg and lateral aspect of the dorsum of the left foot. Palpation of the local site
had tenderness and mild increase in temperature. There were restricted dorsiflexion
movements and the tendency of toe walking. Motor power in the lower limb and the overlying
skin was normal. The scar mark of the tendon release procedure was also noted along
the posterior part of the ankle.
Fig. 1 Clinical image of patient anterior (A) and posterior view (B), showing relative atrophy of left leg (asterisk). The lesion is predominantly involving the posterior aspect of the leg, also extending
to the dorsum of the foot (black arrow). Scar of previous tendo-achilles release is seen (white arrow).
The patient was extensively investigated with all imaging modalities during the course
of her disease without a definitive diagnosis. Radiograph of left leg revealed few
abnormal soft tissue radiopacity over the posterior aspect with dense amorphous calcification
([Fig. 2A, B]). Mild thinning of the fibula is seen due to long-standing pressure remodeling from
the swelling. Ultrasound of the local site showed heterogenous predominantly echogenic
well-circumscribed non-compressible soft tissue lesions in the intramuscular and subcutaneous
plane in the posterior aspect of the left leg ([Fig. 2C, D]). There were few echogenic foci noted giving posterior acoustic shadowing suggestive
of calcifications ([Fig. 2E]). Few anechoic serpiginous channels were also noted with minimal color filling and
low-velocity venous type of waveform on spectral imaging ([Fig. 2F]).
Fig. 2 Radiograph of left leg anteroposterior (A) and lateral (B) view showing lobulated soft tissue lesion (black arrow) in the calf region with dense amorphous calcification (asterisk). Thinning and scalloping of fibula without obvious bony destruction is seen. Ultrasound
images (C–E) showing lobulated predominantly echogenic lesions with no compressible venous spaces.
Presence of calcification (white arrow) with posterior acoustic shadowing seen within the lesion. Color Doppler (F) image showing minimal venous flow.
Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) revealed well-defined lobulated heterogenous
hyperdense mass lesions in the intramuscular and subcutaneous plane. Areas of fat
attenuation replacing the lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
muscles were seen. Multiple clustered areas of heterogenous calcification were seen
within the hyperdense lesions ([Fig. 3A, B]).
Fig. 3 Computed tomography (CT) scan in the coronal (A) and sagittal (B) plane of leg showing a lobulated isodense lesion in the leg with the presence of
dense calcification and fat (black arrow) within the lesion. MRI of leg T2 (C) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) (D) sequence sagittal images showing predominantly hyperintense lesion with fatty component
(white arrow) suppressed on STIR. Dynamic contrast (E) in coronal, maximum intensity projection (MIP) image showing dysplastic venous channels
(dashed arrow). Post-contrast images (F) showing homogenous enhancement in the venous phase (black arrowhead).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left lower limb showed well-defined lobulated
predominantly T2W and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) hyperintense lesions in
the subcutaneous and intramuscular plane. There was fatty replacement of the lateral
and medial head of gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles. Multiple hypointense
areas were also noted within the lesion corresponding to calcifications. There are
grouped muscle atrophy of the posterior compartment as compared with the right side.
On post gadolinium, T1-weighted sequence dilated dysplastic venous channels were seen
in the lesion. The lesions showed moderate enhancement in the late arterial phase
which was persistent in late venous phase too ([Fig. 3C–F]). Based on the clinical and imaging features, FAVA was suggested.
The ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed using an 18-gauge needle. Histopathological
examination showed fibro-collagenous tissue cores with fibro adipose tissue and containing
several large and few small-caliber vessels ([Fig. 4]). Anastomosing retiform to ectatic vascular spaces were lined by flattened endothelium.
Aggregates of lymphocytes, perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate, and hemosiderin
pigment were noted. The final diagnosis of FAVA was confirmed.
Fig. 4 Histopathology images with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain. (A) Showing multiple thin-walled ectatic vessels with mature adipocytic tissue. (B) Tissue core containing several anastomosed thin-walled ectatic congested vessels.
(C) Core with coarse golden-brown hemosiderin pigment, few vessels, and skeletal muscle
fascicles.
The patient was explained about the disease and kept on regular follow-up. She was
advised for symptomatic treatment in the form of local alcohol injection, cryotherapy,
and surgical resection.
Discussion
Alomari et al in 2014, first time described a clinical condition named FAVA, with
distinct clinical, radiological, and histopathologic features. FAVA consist of abnormal
fibrofatty infiltration of muscles, venous abnormality in the form of phlebectasia,
contracture of the affected extremity, and continuous pain.[3]
[4] Historically many reports mentioned similar pathological lesions termed as intramuscular
hemangioma causing contracture, leading to toe walking and equinus deformity.[5]
[6]
[7]
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classified vascular
malformation into vascular tumors (neoplastic), vascular malformations (non-neoplastic),
and unclassified anomalies.[1] In the 2018 revision of ISSVA classification, FAVA was first time included in the
provisionally unclassified vascular anomalies category. This category also includes
other conditions like intramuscular hemangioma, angiokeratoma sinusoidal hemangioma,
and acral arteriovenous tumor, etc.[1]
[2]
Various published literature on FAVA with patient's age, sex, site of involvement,
symptoms, referring diagnosis, and treatment are compiled in [Table 1].
Table 1
Demographic and clinical features of FAVA in published literature
|
S. no
|
Authors
|
Year
|
Total number of patients (Lesions)
|
Male
|
Females
|
Age
(Years)
|
Lower extremity/Upper extremity/Trunk
|
Predominant site
|
Symptoms
|
Referring diagnosis
|
Management
|
|
1.
|
Alomari et al[3]
|
2014
|
18
|
5
|
13
|
0–28
|
15/3/0
|
Calf: 12
Thigh: 3
Forearm/wrist: 3
|
Pain: 15
Limited dorsiflexion: 8
Superficial phlebectasia: 2
Disuse atrophy: 3
Cutaneous lymphatic vesicles: 1
|
VM-7
Hemangioma-6
AVM-5
|
Surgery-8
|
|
2.
|
Fernandez et al[4]
|
2014
|
1
|
|
1
|
10
|
1/0/0
|
Calf
|
Pain and
Equinus deformity
|
|
Sclero + Surgery
|
|
3.
|
Shaikh et al[8]
|
2016
|
20 (26)
|
6
|
14
|
Mean age at first procedure 15.8 y, range 8–30 y
|
24/1/1
|
Calf: 8
Thigh: 8
Foot: 6
Gluteal: 2
Arm: 1
Lumbar: 1
|
Pain: 26
Swelling: 16
Functional restrictions: 21
Skin hyperesthesia: 14
|
|
Prior Surg + Cryo-7
Prior Sclero + Cryo-9
Prior Steroid injection + Cryo-6
Additional sclero during cryoablation-2
Surgery post-cryoablation-2
|
|
4.
|
Erickson et al[9]
|
2017
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
7–8
|
1/1/0
|
Foot:1
Forearm: 1
|
Pain: 2
Deformity: 2
Functional impairment: 1
|
|
Sclero+ Lumbar symphatectomy +Sirolimus-1
Surg+ Sirolimus-1
|
|
5.
|
Ramaswamy et al[10]
|
2019
|
3 (5)
|
|
|
10–17
|
5/0/0
|
Calf: 3
Foot: 2
|
Pain: 5
Contracture: 4
Swelling: 1
|
|
Sclero + Cryo-1
Cryo-4
|
|
6.
|
Cheung et al[11]
|
2020
|
19 (28)
|
4
|
15
|
0–14
|
0/28/0
|
Forearm
or wrist:12
Hand or digit/thumb: 10
Axilla, arm, or elbow: 6
|
Pain: 15
Contracture: 13
Swelling: 9
|
VM-7
VaM-6 Hemangioma 3
AVM-1
Cav Lym-1
FAVA-1
|
None-3
Embo-1
Surg-10
Sclero + Surg-3
Surg + Sclero-1
Sclero + Cryo-1
|
|
7.
|
Amarneh and Shaikh[12]
|
2020
|
38
|
7
|
31
|
0–30 (mean 12)
|
36/1/1
|
Calf: 22
Thigh: 9
Gluteal: 3
Foot: 2
Arm: 1
Paraspinal: 1
|
Pain: 38
Functional impairment: 38
Swelling: 14
Contracture: 8
Paraesthesia: 10
|
VM-10 /37
VaM-9/37
Hemangioma-3/37
AVM-3/37
VLM-2/37
LM-1/37
CVLM-1/37
Soft tissue tumor-1/37
muscle strain-1/37
FAVA-6/37
|
|
|
8.
|
López et al[13]
|
2020
|
1
|
|
1
|
24
|
0/1/0
|
Forearm
|
Pain,
Functional impairment
|
VM
|
Prior Sclera+ Surg
|
|
9.
|
Wang et al[14]
|
2020
|
35 (40)
|
10
|
25
|
Presentation
12.3 (0–30)
Surgery 18.3 (2–46)
|
40/0/0
|
Calf: 17
Thigh: 14
Foot/ankle: 7
Buttock: 2
|
Pain: 35
Contracture: 17
|
|
Prior interventional radiology
procedures+ Surgery-25
Prior Sclero + Surg-23
Prior Cryo+ Surg-6
|
|
10.
|
Ferreira et al[15]
|
2020
|
1
|
|
1
|
9
|
1/0/0
|
Calf
|
Pain
|
FAVA
|
Surgery
|
|
11.
|
Our case
|
|
1
|
|
1
|
8
|
1/0/0
|
Calf
|
Pain, contracture
|
VM
|
Sclero + Surg
|
Abbreviations: AVM, arteriovenous malformation; Cryo, cryotherapy; CVLM, capillary
veno-lymphatic malformation; Embo, embolization; FAVA, fibroadipose vascular anomaly;
Sclero, sclerotherapy; Surg, surgery; VaM, vascular malformation; VLM, veno-lymphatic
malformation; VM, venous malformation.
FAVA is usually sporadic and most commonly caused by somatic mutation involving PIKC3A
(phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase) gene. The same gene is seen in most
cases of isolated lymphatic and veno-lymphatic vascular malformations. Other pathology
caused by the same genetic mutation includes Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, megalencephaly-capillary
malformation-polymicrogyria (MCAP), and CLOVES (congenital lipomatous overgrowth,
vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, and skeletal anomalies) syndrome.[12]
[16]
[17]
FAVA usually occurs in young adults with age group between 1 and 30 years. It is more
common in females with male to female ratio of 1:4. Lower extremities are more commonly
involved than upper extremities. Calf muscles are most commonly involved followed
by the thigh.[3]
[12] Since FAVA is a new clinical entity and has overlapping features with other conditions
like VM, vascular malformation, intramuscular hemangioma, and soft tissue tumor, diagnosis
is often delayed and missed.[12]
FAVA is a distinct entity characterized by abnormal fibrofatty masses and infiltration
in intramuscular as well as subcutaneous plane. There is presence of abnormal venous
channels in form of phlebectasia within masses. The fibrotic process leads to the
contracture of involved muscles resulting in restriction of movement. Since calf and
gastrocnemius are most commonly involved region the fibrotic process leads to equinus
deformity and toe walking.[3]
[4] The lesion is also associated with continuous pain which is multifactorial; caused
by muscular contracture, neurogenic infiltration, and thrombophlebitis of VM or phlebectasia.[3]
[4]
[12]
FAVA can be divided into focal mass-like lesion, focal infiltrative, or diffuse infiltrative
type.[12] The patient usually presents with long-standing soft non-compressible swelling with
restricted movement due to contracture and constant pain. There can be associated
skin changes in some cases like ulcers, venous engorgements, lymphatic vesicles, and
skin hypopigmentation.
Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of FAVA and to differentiate it from
other clinical conditions. Ultrasound usually shows heterogeneous echogenic masses
due to fibrofatty proliferation within the muscles and subcutaneous plane. In comparison
with VM, FAVA is predominantly solid with minimal or no compressible spaces. On Doppler,
if venous channels are patent then venous flow can be seen. X-ray or CT scan can show
soft tissue intramuscular isodense masses along with the presence of dystrophic calcification
in long-standing cases.
MRI is imaging modality useful in the differentiation of FAVA from other lesions.
MRI shows well-defined intramuscular masses which are hyperintense on T1, T2W due
to presence of fatty component, however, less hyperintense on T2W images in comparison
to VM due to the presence of fluid in later. Also, on STIR sequence fatty component
shows signal suppression. On post gadolinium sequence heterogenous enhancement is
seen mainly in late arterial or venous phases. Direct puncture and intralesional venography
may demonstrate the network of anomalous dysplastic veins.
Despite characteristic clinical features and imaging features, histopathological confirmation
is required because of the rarity of the lesion. Histopathologically FAVA shows the
presence of abnormal fibrous and fatty tissue in atrophied skeletal muscles with abnormal
ectatic venous channels and lymphoplasmacytic/lymphoid aggregates.[3]
[12]
There is no single definitive treatment of FAVA. The image-guided treatment option
is local sclerotherapy of venous components. Intralesional steroid and alcohol injection,
local cryotherapy, and nerve blocks for pain relief. Surgical excision is an option
with procedure-related morbidity as most of these lesions are intramuscular. Debulking
of mass with contracture release to improve deformity, movement restriction, and pain
relief in selective cases. Sirolimus is a drug also used in the treatment of FAVA
but not approved in less than 18 years. To summarize, treatment is mostly symptomatic
to address patient predominant clinical problems.[8]
[9]
[14]
Conclusion
FAVA is an uncommon but distinct clinical entity with typical presentation in young
females and mostly involves lower limb. The classical presentation is long-standing
swelling with constant pain, contracture, restricted movement, and deformity. However,
because of the rarity of cases, recently described condition, overlapping features
with other common entities, and lesser awareness, it is often misdiagnosed. The multimodality
approach and patient education play a major role in management.
