Efficacy and Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitors as Adjunctive Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes in a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background Adjunctive treatment with sodium-glucose co-transporters 2 inhibitors (SGLT2- I) has been successfully used in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in recent years to improve glycemic control and reduce body weight without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia; however, there is a scarcity of evidence for real-world experience in their use in T1DM Saudi patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin as off-label adjunctive therapy in Saudi patients with T1DM.

Methods This study was a retrospective study for T1DM patients, who were prescribed empagliflozin as an adjunctive therapy. Baseline characteristics including age, changes in HbA1c, body weight, total daily insulin dose, lipid profile, and well as side effects such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) were evaluated before and after initiation empagliflozin in 37 T1DM patients.

Results The mean age was 25.8 ± 8.0 years, mean weight was 75.3 ± 14.8 kg, mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.1 ± 6.7 kg/m², mean duration of diabetes was 10.1 ± 6.5 years, and mean HbA1c was 9.4 ± 1.4%. After a mean follow-up duration of 15.8 ± 6.0 months, the mean reduction in the HbA1c% from baseline was 0.82% (p = 0.001) and mean weight reduction from baseline was 1.7 kg (p = 0.097). The total daily insulin dose was decreased by 2.9 units. UTIs and DKA episodes were reported among 2.7% and 10.8% of the participants, respectively.

Conclusion Empagliflozin in combination with insulin in overweight Saudi T1DM subjects resulted in a significant improvement in glycemic control, mild non-significant reduction in body weight, and a small but statistically significant reduction in the total daily insulin dose with a slight increase in the risk of DKA and UTIs. Further larger prospective studies are needed for better evaluation of the efficacy and safety of these agents in Saudi T1DM patients.

Keywords

type 1 diabetes mellitus - sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors - glycemic control - weight gain - diabetic ketoacidosis

Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the commonest autoimmune diseases affecting children and adolescents worldwide, with an alarmingly rising incidence in Saudi Arabia.[1] It is estimated to represent ∼5 to 10% of all cases of diabetes; however, the incidence of T1DM in Saudi Arabia has increased significantly throughout the last three decades.[2] The estimated total number of children and adolescents under 20 years living with T1DM worldwide in 2019 was 1,101,100 and the estimated number of new cases was nearly 128,900 cases per year.[3] Moreover, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions, the estimated total number of children less than 19 years old with T1DM was 149,400 with an annual incidence of 20,800 cases.[3] Life-long insulin replacement is the mainstay of treatment for T1DM. However, hypoglycemia and weight gain are known side effects of optimal insulin therapy. Therefore, adjunctive treatments (e.g., pramlintide, metformin, incretin analogs) have been proposed to improve glycemic control, reduce glucose variability, reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, and prevent weight gain.[4] [5] Nonetheless, these medications have limitations in T1DM patients when compared with placebo such as the unfavorable side effects profile, short durability, and increased rates of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).[6] [7]

Adjunctive treatment with a more favorable profile would be highly desirable in the management of patients with T1DM. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I) are a new class of anti-diabetic medications that have been approved for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management. SGLT-2 inhibitors prevent glucose and sodium reabsorption from renal tubules and lead to urinary glucose excretion, thereby improving glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.[8] Moreover, SGLT2-I also promote weight loss, decrease blood pressure, and improve lipid profile.[9] [10] Therefore, the use of SGLT2-I in T1DM may be an option as an off-label adjunctive oral therapy in addition to insulin for selected patients with T1DM.[11] [12] Several studies have investigated the effect of SGLT2-I in combination with insulin therapy in T1DM and have shown great promising results with positive effects in terms of HbA1c reduction, prevention of body weight gain, or promotion of weight loss.[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

The aim of this study was to evaluate a real-world clinical experience in the off-label use of empagliflozin in Saudi patients with T1DM.

Objective

To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of empagliflozin (10 mg and 25 mg doses) as an adjunctive therapy to intensify the effect of insulin in patients with T1DM and assess the changes in HbA1c and weight. Also, we aimed to assess the effect on insulin requirements, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, and safety.

Materials and Methods

Patient Selection

This study was a retrospective chart review of all patients with T1DM at the Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Center (OMEC) at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Riyadh, who had been prescribed empagliflozin from April 2019 to April 2020. The study was approved by the KFMC Institutional Review Board (IRB); however, informed consent was not obtained as this was a retrospective study. Patients meeting inclusion criteria had a diagnosis of T1DM, were at least 14 years of age or older who received regular care at the adolescents and adult diabetic clinics, were on multiple daily injections consisting of basal insulin and three daily bolus injections, and had received empagliflozin for at least 3 months and had a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60 mL/min. In our center as per the Ministry of Health policy, the transition from pediatrics to adults for patients with diabetes starts at age ≥ 14 years; hence, we included those above 14 years.

Data Collection

Baseline characteristics were extracted from patient medical records and included age, gender, duration of diabetes (years), type of insulin therapy, HbA1c, weight (kg), body mass index, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and lipid profile. The changes in glycemic control and body weight and total daily insulin dose at baseline and the last follow-up visit were evaluated. Safety evaluations of special interest in this study consisted of genital infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and DKA was recorded.

DKA was defined by the triad of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and high anion gap metabolic acidosis, whereas the euglycemic DKA included blood glucose level < 250 mg/dL.[22]

Statistical Analysis

Data entry and statistical analysis were performed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25. Frequency and percentages were used to describe categorical variables, whereas mean and standard deviation were used to describe quantitative continuous variables. Fischer's exact test was applied to test for the difference between male and female patients regarding categorical variables, whereas student's t-test was applied to test for the difference in the means of quantitative continuous variables between male and female patients. Paired t-test was applied to compare the means of weight and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c%), body weight, total insulin dose, and blood pressure before and after empagliflozin intake. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.

Results

A total of 37 T1DM patients were included, 22 (59.5%) were females. Baseline characteristics of patients are listed in [Table 1]. The mean age was (25.8 ± 8 years), the mean HbA1c was 9.4 ± 1.4%, and the mean duration of diabetes was 10 ± 6.5. Comorbidities at baseline were reported in 16 of the patients (43.2%) and 37.5% of the participants were obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m²) as shown in [Fig. 1]. The mean reduction in the HbA1c% was 0.82% from the baseline to the last follow-up visit, which was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Additionally, the mean weight reduction was 1.7 kg from baseline to the last clinical visit; however, this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.097). Reduction in both SBP and DBP was not statistically significant. Furthermore, no significant changes were seen in the lipid profile. The total daily insulin dose was reduced from 70.8 units to 67.9 units (p = 0.001) with no significant difference between male and female patients ([Table 2]). A small subgroup of under 18-year-olds (N = 5) with a mean age of 16.2 years had a 0.22% increase in HbA1c and a 2.6 kg reduction in body weight from baseline; however, these values were not statistically significant, as shown in [Table 3].

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
Age, years	14	43	25.84	8.009
HbA1c (%)	6.80	13.90	9.4	1.41469
WT, kg	54.00	112.00	75.3143	14.85734
BMI (kg/m2)	21	40.7	28.1	6.7
Systolic BP, mmHg	106	157	125.76	13.632
Diastolic BP, mmHg	37	105	74.00	13.027
Duration of diabetes, years	1	35	10.06	6.594
Duration of follow-up (months)	3	29	15.8	6.0
TG, mmol/L (0–1.7)	0.47	2.82	1.0738	0.53071
Total cholesterol, mmol/L (0–5.18)	3.70	6.40	5.0112	0.71111
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L (1–1.5)	0.00	4.50	1.4446	0.84347
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L (0–2.6)	1.70	4.07	3.1996	0.63301

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation; TG, triglyceride; WT, weight.

Fig. 1 Co-morbidities among the participants (%).

Table 2 Comparisons of parameters before and after adjuvant treatment with empagliflozin

Biomarker	Pretherapy Mean ± SD	Posttherapy Mean ± SD	Mean difference	p-Value*
HbA1c (%)	9.4 ± 1.4	8.6 ± 1.6	–0.82 ± 1.35	0.001
Weight (kg)	75.3 ± 15.5	73.6 ± 15.6	–1.7 ± 5.88	0.097
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	125.8 ± 13.6	125.6 ± 10.5	–0.21 ± 10.59	0.910
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	74.0 ± 13.0	74.8 ± 11.9	+ 0.82 ± 13.68	0.728
TG, mmol/L	1.0 ± 0.5	1.1 ± 0.5	+ 0.07 ± 0.53	0.529
Cholesterol, mmol/L	5.0 ± 0.7	5.0 ± 0.7	+ 0.05 ± 0.65	0.732
HDL, mmol/L	1.4 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 0.8	+0.19 ± 1.05	0.372
LDL, mmol/L	3.0 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 0.6	+ 0.17 ± 0.76	0.278
Total daily dose of insulin (unit)	70.8 ± 33.4	67.9 ± 33.7	–2.9 ± 5.9	0.001

Abbreviations: BP, Blood pressure; HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin; HDL, High -density lipoprotein; LDL, Low -density lipoprotein; TG, Triglyceride.

^* Paired t-test.

Table 3 Comparisons of parameters before and after adjuvant treatment with Empagliflozin in under 18 years of age children and adolescents

Biomarker N = 5	Pretherapy Mean ± SD	Posttherapy Mean ± SD	Mean difference	p-Value*
Mean age	16.2 ± 0.8	–	–	–
HbA1c (%)	9.5 ± 0.88	9.7 ± 1.6	0.22 ± 1.4	0.75
Weight (kg)	81.6 ± 16.9	79.0 ± 16.1	−2.6 ± 5.9	0.38
DKA occurrence	0/5	2/5 (40%)	–	–
UTI occurrence	0/5	0/5	–	–

Abbreviations: DKA, Diabetic Ketoacidosis; HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin; UTI, Urinary tract infection.

Adverse Events

Urinary tract infection was reported in 2.7% of T1DM patients, and DKA episodes were reported in 10.8%, with no significant difference between male and female patients ([Table 4]). Two patients required empagliflozin withdrawal due to mild DKA. For the under 18 subgroups, 2 out of 5 got DKA (40%) and there were no UTIs ([Table 3]).

Table 4 Male and female comparisons in the clinical characteristics of the study population at the end of the study

Patients' characteristics	Total (37)	Males (15)	Females (22)	p-Value
Duration of diabetes (y)	10.1 ± 6.6	9.3 ± 7.8	10.8 ± 5.4	0.530*
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	125.6 ± 10.5	129.8 ± 12.4	122.6 ± 8.1	0.049*
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	74.8 ± 11.9	75.7 ± 14.8	74.2 ± 9.6	0.720*
UTI episodes (n = 37) No. (%)	1 (2.7)	0 (0.0)	1 (5.6)	0.562[Ⱶ]
DKA episodes (n = 37) No. (%)	4 (10.8)	1 (7.1)	3 (15.0)	0.449[Ⱶ]
Albumin/Creatinine ratio,	1.63 ± 1.40	1.86 ± 1.8	1.48 ± 1.1	0.476*
EGFR (n = 30) Mean ± SD	125.3 ± 19.4	124.1 ± 20.5	125.9 ± 19.3	0.806*
Serum creatinine, mmol/L	58.4 ± 16.6	68.9 ± 15.7	51.2 ± 13.3	0.002*
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	5.01 ± 0.71	4.89 ± 0.71	5.13 ± 0.72	0.387*
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	1.49 ± 0.48	1.21 ± 0.27	1.75 ± 0.5	0.002*
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	3.2 ± 0.63	3.34 ± 0.55	3.07 ± 0.7	0.289*
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.07 ± 0.53	1.13 ± 0.44	1.02 ± 0.62	0.615*

Abbreviations: DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; EGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UTI, urinary tract infection.

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

^* Student's t-test.

^Ⱶ Fischer exact test.

Discussion

The goal of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of empagliflozin in Saudi T1DM patients in a real-world practice setting and share our experience with other colleagues following the promising results for the off-label use of this class of anti-hyperglycemic mediations in T1DM patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to study the use of SGLT2-I in T1DM patients in Saudi Arabia.

The mean age of our cohort was at around 25 years, mean BMI above 28 kg/m,² and around 37% had obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²). The majority of the patients (86.5%) of the study participants were adults above 18 years old with a very small number of adolescents (above 14 and under 18 years old) according to our practice, which might be different from other centers.

The present study results have shown a significant reduction in HbA1c of 0.8% from baseline after mean follow-up duration of treatment of 15 months after adjunctive off-label use of empagliflozin. Moreover, there was an average non-significant weight reduction of 1.7 kg but a significant reduction in the total daily insulin dose of ∼2.9 units. However, in the present study, empagliflozin did not significantly reduce both SBP and DBP as well as the lipid profile. These findings are comparable to the findings of other similar previous studies.

The EASE trials were the largest multicenter, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials that have evaluated three doses of empagliflozin (2.5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg) in over 1,700 subjects with T1DM and demonstrated a placebo-subtracted HbA1c reduction of 0.28% for the 2.5 mg, 0.54% for the 10 mg, and 0.53% for the 25mg.[23] Moreover, the EASE trials resulted in a significant mean bodyweight reduction of –1.8, –3.0, and –3.4 kg for the three consecutive doses, respectively, as well as significant reductions in the total daily insulin doses and systolic blood pressure.[23] Due to our small sample size we did not separate the 10 mg and 25 mg data; however, our findings are comparable to the EASE trials and our mean duration of follow-up is slightly longer, supporting the durability of the effect of empagliflozin as an adjunctive treatment for T1DM, which has been questioned. However, the rate of DKA in our study was relatively higher at around 10.8% compared with much lower rates of 4.3% and 3.3% for the 10 mg and 25 mg doses, respectively, in the EASE trials. The rate of UTIs was comparable between our study and most of other studies at 3.1%.

In a meta-analysis from China that was published in 2017 and included T1DM patients aged between 18 and 65 years old, the addition of SGLT2-I to insulin decreased fasting blood glucose and total insulin dosage as compared with placebo[24].

Furthermore, in a randomized controlled trial from Japan published in 2018, empagliflozin led to a dose-dependent significant increase in 24-hour urinary glucose excretion (UGE) compared with placebo after 7 days of treatment and after 4 weeks of treatment. The UGE increase was associated with improved glycemic control, reduction in body weight, and insulin needs[25]. Additionally, empagliflozin treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in serum ketone bodies and free fatty acids.

In a study from Italy that was published in 2019 and involved a meta-analysis of RCTs, sotagliflozin (which is unlike empaglflozin, is both SGLT-1 and 2 inhibitors approved for use as adjunctive treatment in T1DM patients in Europe) reduced HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose, total daily insulin dose, basal, and bolus insulin doses.[26] Moreover, there was an increase in time in range and improvement of other continuous glucose monitoring parameters. In addition, sotagliflozin reduced body weight, systolic blood pressure, and albuminuria. More recently, a study from Spain published in 2019, with a follow-up of 52 weeks, showed that empagliflozin in addition to optimization of insulin therapy in T1DM patients, significantly decreased HbA1c, total daily insulin requirements, body weight, and systolic blood pressure.[27]

In addition to the previous evidence in support of the benefits of SGLT2-I as adjunctive therapy in T1DM, a systematic review and meta-analysis done by Chen et al in 2017 demonstrated that the addition of empagliflozin to daily multiple insulin doses in type 1 diabetes significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (by 0.37%), body weight (by 2.54 kg), and total daily insulin dose (by 6.22 IU) as compared with the control group.[28]

A comparison between the aforementioned studies, including the present one, should be interpreted with caution, considering differences in the inclusion criteria, particularly the duration of insulin treatment and baseline HbA1c% level as well as dosage and regimen of empagliflozin.

In the present study, UTI episodes and DKA episodes were reported among 2.7% and 10.8% of T1DM patients, respectively, with no gender difference, and all DKAs were hyperglycemic, unlike most other studies in which euglycemic DKA occurrence was more frequent. Our finding showed that the DKA rate was consistent with what was reported previously in patients without the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in Saudi Arabia with a DKA frequency ranging from 25–80%.[29]

Although the present study represents a real-world clinical experience of patients with T1DM prescribed empagliflozin in diabetes clinics in Saudi Arabia, it has several important limitations such as the small sample size, the retrospective study design, and lack of a comparator arm. We also acknowledge other limitations such as the fact that it is from a single-center experience, which will reduce the generalizability of our results. Moreover, the inclusion of under 18 years old adolescents and pediatric subjects might confound our results and make comparisons more difficult with other similar studies done in other parts of the world.

Conclusion

Our study shows that empagliflozin in combination with insulin therapy in mostly overweight Saudi T1DM subjects significantly reduced HbA1c by 0.8% over an average follow-up period that is slightly longer than that reported in most previous studies with additional benefits of mild non-significant reduction of body weight and a significant reduction in the total daily dose of insulin. DKA risk remains a major side effect and a limitation for adjunctive therapy with this class of anti-diabetic medications and further multicenter prospective placebo-controlled studies for relatively longer durations are still needed to focus on finding the smallest, safest dose that gives the glycemic and weight control benefits while avoiding serious side effects such as DKA.

Conflicts of Interest

None declared.

Authors' contributions

All authors contributed to the conception, planning, and conduct of the study, and to drafting and revising of the manuscript and approval of its final version.

Compliance with Ethical Principles

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Consent

The study participants were not consented as the IRB waive consent due to the nature of the study.

Sponsorship and Funding

The study received no specific sponsorship or funding in any shape of form.

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Publication History

Article published online:
21 February 2022