Introduction
Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) are the second-most common gynecologic malignancy.
The main subtypes are serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas. These
types show significant differences in clinical, genetic, and molecular behaviors.[1] Mucinous ovarian cancer (MOC) is a rare subtype of malignant ovarian cancer. It
accounts for 3 to 10% of all epithelial ovarian cancers.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4] MOC has a different natural history, biology, behavior, and molecular profile, with
different chemotherapy responses compared with other histological subtypes.[1]
[2]
[5]
[6] It can primarily be of ovarian origin or metastatic from the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract.[7] Previously, there was a dilemma in finding the exact pathology because of limited
diagnostic techniques and knowledge about the disease. With recent advancements in
pathology, gene expression profiling, identification of subtypes and various modalities
available for exploring the GI tract, it has become possible to find the precise origin
of mucinous tumors.[8] The unilaterality and increase in size indicates that it is of ovarian origin.[1]
[5]
[7] Diagnosis is often made in the early stages as it usually presents with huge abdominal
masses. MOC is mostly diagnosed in patients at a younger age than patients with other
types of epithelial ovarian cancers and the only clinical risk factor associated is
tobacco smoking.[1]
[9]
Around 65 to 80% of MOCs are stage I or II, according to the FIGO staging system.[1] MOC treatment is the same as other histological subtypes, i.e., upfront debulking
surgery where possible, followed by platinum-based chemotherapy when indicted.[4]
[9] Twenty-six percent of MOC are diagnosed in younger females who are less than 44
years of age, and fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) with curative intent is offered
to eligible patients.[10] Early-stage disease carries a better prognosis than the advanced stage because of
less chemotherapy sensitivity of MOC.[8]
[11] The median survivals of stage III and IV MOC disease are only up to 15 to 33 months
compared with 50 months for advanced stage serous and endometrioid subtypes of EOC.[2]
[11]
[12]
[13] This study highlights the incidence, tumor characteristics, management, and outcomes
of MOC treated at our institute. We hypothesized that our results would be different
from western data, considering resource limitation with mainly non-availability of
molecular profiling/targeted agents.
Materials and Methods
Between January 2001 and December 2016, all patients who presented to Shaukat Khanum
Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Center (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan, with Stage
I to IV MOC were included in the study. Patient's data were extracted from the electronic
hospital information system after getting approval from the Institutional Review Board
(IRB). The need for patient-informed consent was waived off by IRB because of the
retrospective nature of the study. All the patients had initial diagnostic surgery
performed outside SKMCH&RC by gynecologists, upon confirmation of malignancy they
were referred to our center. Here, the pathologies were reviewed by SKMCH&RC pathology
laboratory, and then they were accepted into our hospital. Mixed histologies were
excluded. The majority of our patients underwent upper and lower GI endoscopies. All
our patients were adequately staged. Computed tomography (CT) scans were used for
radiological staging. All cases were discussed in multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meeting
for treatment planning after the completion of diagnostic work up as per the hospital
policy. Those patients who were planned for surgery in MDT, their surgeries were performed
by a gynecology surgeon. Patients with stage IA had fertility sparing surgery in which
unilateral salpingo-oopherectomy, pelvic washings, omentectomy, peritoneal biopsies,
pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, and appendectomy if there was suspicion of
appendix being involved were performed. While all others who underwent surgery had
radical surgery performed as per the ovarian protocol. The most common chemotherapy
regimen used was carboplatin/paclitaxel; however, in a few patients, capecitabine
and oxaliplatin were also used. It was as per treating the oncologist's choice. Standard
doses of chemotherapy were used. All patients were followed up by CT scans and tumor
markers CA-125 and CEA. The demographics, age, tumor characteristics, tumor markers,
details of interventions, and outcomes were recorded in the data analysis software.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 20.0; Chicago, IL,
USA) was used for statistical analysis of the data. Mean ± standard deviation was
used for continuous variables, while frequencies and percentages were reported for
categorical variables. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time between
the date of diagnosis and the date of progression, death or last follow-up. The overall
survival (OS) was the interval between diagnosis and death from any cause or last
follow-up. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate survival as a function of
time, and survival differences were analyzed using the log-rank test.
Results
Ninety-four patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of MOC were identified.
There was no history of smoking in any of our patients. Patient and tumor characteristics
are outlined in [Table 1]. The largest tumor size recorded was 40 cm. Most of the patients, 42 (44.7%), had
right-sided tumors. The most common metastatic site seen was omentum in 10 (10.6%)
patients. The majority of the patients, 51(54.3%), presented with abdominal distension.
Of most of our patients, 72 (76.6%) had stage I at diagnosis. Eighty-six patients
(91.4%) had ECOG PS 0–1. Investigations and treatment modalities are outlined in [Table 2]. Diagnostic upper and lower GI endoscopies were done in 74 (78.7%) patients. FSS
was done in 27 (28.7%) patients. The most commonly used first-line chemotherapy in
our patients was carboplatin and paclitaxel. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given in
14 (14.9%), 40 (42.6%) had adjuvant chemotherapy, while 40 (42.6%) had no chemotherapy
as the majority of patients had stage I disease ([Table 2]).
Table 1
Patient and tumor characteristics
|
Characteristics
|
Values
|
|
Median duration of follow-up
|
52 months (1–199 months)
|
|
Median age at presentation (years)
|
36 years (15–69 years)
|
|
Mean serum CA-125 levels (IU/mL)
|
133 (2–2802)
|
|
Mean serum CEA (IU/mL)
|
21.69 (0–245)
|
|
Tumor size (cm)
|
16.57 ± 6.7
|
|
Tumor grade
|
|
Well-differentiated
|
20 (21.3%)
|
|
Moderately differentiated
|
22 (23.4%)
|
|
Poorly differentiated
|
7 (7.4%)
|
|
Not recorded
|
45 (47.9%)
|
|
Laterality
|
|
Left
|
35 (37.2%)
|
|
Right
|
42 (44.7%)
|
|
Bilateral
|
12 (12.8%)
|
|
Not recorded
|
5 (5.3%)
|
|
Malignant ascites
|
|
Yes
|
19 (20.2%)
|
|
No
|
75 (79.7%)
|
|
Metastatic site
|
|
Omentum
|
10 (10.6%)
|
|
Liver
|
3 (3.2%)
|
|
Lung
|
3 (3.2%)
|
|
Colon
|
1 (1.1%)
|
|
Pleura
|
1 (1.1%)
|
|
No metastases
|
76 (80.9%)
|
|
Stages
|
|
I
|
72 (76.6%)
|
|
II
|
3 (3.2%)
|
|
III
|
12 (12.8%)
|
|
IV
|
7 (7.4%)
|
|
Clinical presentation at diagnosis
|
|
Abdominal distension
|
51 (54.3%)
|
|
Abdominal pain
|
20 (21.3%)
|
|
Abdominal pain/distension
|
20 (21.3%)
|
|
Irregular menstruation
|
3 (3.2%)
|
Abbreviation: CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.
Table 2
Investigations and treatment modalities used
|
Investigations and treatment modalities used
|
|
Diagnostic endoscopy
|
|
Yes
|
74 (78.7%)
|
|
No
|
20 (21.3%)
|
|
Debulking surgery
|
|
Fertility-sparing surgery
|
27 (28.7%)
|
|
Radical cytoreductive
|
42 (44.7%)
|
|
Other surgery (diagnostic surgery not on the ovarian protocol)
|
25 (26.6%)
|
Overall, in 74 (78.7%) patients, the disease was in remission, 9 (9.6%) had relapsed,
and 11 (11.7%) had progressive disease. Out of 94 patients, 78 (83%) were alive, while
16 (17%) had died.
Among patients having stage I disease, 4 (5.6%) patients relapsed, in stage II no
relapses were seen, while 10 (83.3%) patients had relapse or progression in stage
III, 7 (100%) patients with stage IV had disease progression.
The 3- and 5-years PFS for early-stage (I&II) was 95%, while for advanced stage (III&IV),
3-year PFS was 16%, and 5-year PFS was 8%. The median PFS for early-stage (I&II) was
59 months while for advanced stage (III&IV) was 3 months. The 3- and 5-year OS for
early-stage (I&II) was 97% and for advanced stages (III&IV) 26%. The median OS for
early stage (I&II) was 59 months while for advanced stage (III&IV) was 16 months ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Survival outcomes in early and advanced stage diseases
|
Stage group
|
3 years PFS (%)
|
5 years PFS (%)
|
3 years OS (%)
|
5 years OS (%)
|
PFS months
|
OS months
|
|
Early (I and II)
|
95
|
95
|
97
|
97
|
59
|
59
|
|
Advanced (III and IV)
|
16
|
8
|
26
|
26
|
3
|
16
|
Abbreviations: 3 years, 3 years; 5 years, 5 years; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression
free survival.
The 3- and 5-year PFS and OS in months and percentages for individual stages I, II,
III, IV are shown in [Table 4.]
Table 4
Stage-wise survival outcomes
|
Stage
|
3 years PFS (%)
|
5 years PFS (%)
|
3 years OS (%)
|
5 years OS (%)
|
PFS months
|
OS months
|
|
Stage I
|
95
|
95
|
97
|
97
|
55 (1–199)
|
57 (1–199)
|
|
Stage II
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
81 (81–99)
|
81 (81–99)
|
|
Stage III
|
25
|
12
|
28
|
28
|
4 (1–78)
|
15 (3–78)
|
|
Stage IV
|
Could Not reach
|
Could Not reach
|
19
|
Could Not reach
|
3 (1–19)
|
19 (8–42)
|
Abbreviations: 3 years, 3 years; 5 years, 5 years; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression
free survival.
The survival graphs are shown in [Fig. 1A–D].
Fig. 1 (A) Stage-wise progression-free survival (PFS). (B) Stage-wise overall survival (OS). (C) Progression-free survival with regards to surgery. (D) Overall survival with regard to surgery.
The 5-year PFS and OS for patients undergoing FSS, radical completion surgery, and
only suboptimal surgeries done for diagnostic purposes outside hospital is mentioned
in [Table 5].
Table 5
Survival outcomes with regard to surgery performed
|
PFS
|
OS %
|
|
FSS
|
89%
|
95
|
|
Radical cytoreductive surgery
|
89%
|
92
|
|
Only diagnostic surgery
|
39%
|
47
|
Abbreviations: FSS, fertility-sparing surgery; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression
free survival.
Discussion
Ovarian cancer is the fifth commonest cancer in Pakistani women.[14]
The mucinous histology is rare. In our study, in 16 years, only 94 cases of 900 EOC
were found, comprising 10.4% of the total cases. As a result of this, conducting randomized
controlled trials of sufficient statistical power and exploring potential therapeutic
targets is difficult.
We previously reported a 13.4% frequency of MOC among 544 EOC patients from our center.[15] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of primary mucinous ovarian
cancer as a separate entity, from Pakistan.
The exact incidence of MOC is controversial, as there is no reliable method to distinguish
between primary MOC and mucinous adenocarcinoma metastatic to the ovary. The incidence
ranges from 3 to 11.9% in different studies.[1]
[11] Different algorithms incorporating size, laterality, immunohistochemical markers,
morphological characteristics such as expansile and infiltrative growth patterns,
and inspection of digestive organs have been used to differentiate between primary
and metastatic MOC of the ovary.[7]
[11]
[16]
The diagnosis of primary MOC requires careful pathological and diagnostic assessment.
About 80% of the mucinous carcinomas of the ovary are metastatic from another site.
Hence comes the role of diagnostic upper and lower GI endoscopies. In an earlier study
done at our center, 17.6% of patients who were initially suspected to have primary
MOC were diagnosed as having primary colonic carcinoma based on endoscopic findings.[17] Seventy-eight percent of patients in the current study underwent these procedures.
In our study, the mucinous adenocarcinoma was considered to have primary ovarian origin
based on clinical history, examination, histological and immunohistochemical features
along with thorough digestive tract evaluation.
Primary mucinous adenocarcinomas are most often diagnosed in the early stages because
these are quite symptomatic owing to large sizes. Different studies have shown that
up to 83% of these cases present in stage I or II.[7]
[16] Our study showed that 79.8% of women had early-stage MOC.
Cancer antigen CA125 (CA-125) is widely used as a tumor marker in epithelial ovarian
cancer. In serous ovarian cancer, CA-125 is high in around 85% of cases; however,
in MOC, it is reported to be elevated in only 12% of cases. The mean value reported
for CA-125 in mucinous carcinoma stage I is 44.2 U/mL, while stage II-IV is 176.7
U/mL. In another study, the mean value of CA 125 was 240 for the stages included.[2] Our study's mean value of CA-125 was 133 U/mL, which is on the lower side, possibly
because most of our patients had early-stage disease. In contrast, carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA), a marker of colorectal cancer, has been reported to be as high as 85%
in MOC.[18] In our patients, 30% of the patients had high CEA although it was done only in 51
patients.
Because early-stage MOC is mostly found in younger women, fertility preservation is
an area of great interest compared with other subtypes of EOC.[19] In a study by Lee et al, 38.9% of the patients underwent FSS.[19] Among our patients, 28.7% underwent FSS, while 44.7% had radical cytoreductive surgery.
In one study, there were no compelling differences in 5-year survival rates, DFS (84%
vs. 78%) or OS (84% vs. 82%) comparing FSS to standard surgical staging.[20] In our study, 5-year PFS of 89% and OS of 95% in patients who had undergone FSS
were comparable to reports from Japan and Korea with 5-year DFS approaching 90% and
OS of 97.3%.[21]
Although MOCs are less sensitive to chemotherapy compared with serous ovarian cancers,
carboplatin and paclitaxel remain the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for
this disease.[1]
[11]
[22] There have been trials off late (ICON7, AURELIA, and GOG241) incorporating bevacizumab
in advanced-stage and relapsed ovarian cancers, including those with mucinous pathology.[1] However, no conclusive evidence is available regarding the role of bevacizumab in
MOC due to the rarity of this disease. None of our patients received bevacizumab until
2016 due to financial constraints, and carboplatin and paclitaxel remained the most
used first-line chemotherapy.
Early-stage MOC is associated with excellent outcomes with 5-year survival rates approaching
90%, whereas the advanced stage disease is associated with inferior prognosis.[23]
[24]
[25] Data from seven prospective studies involving stage III–IV patients showed a median
OS of 14.6 months.[26] The reason for a good prognosis in the early stages is the low propensity of nodal
and peritoneal metastasis.[7] In contrast, poor prognosis in advanced-stage disease may be attributed to low chemotherapy
sensitivity of this disease.[1] Our study showed a median OS of 57.5 months for stage I disease (range 1–199 months),
while 81 months for stage II disease probably because of lesser number of patients
with stage II disease, and second, all patients in stage II received chemotherapy.
For stage III, the median OS was 15 months, and for stage IV disease, the median OS
was 19 months. Pactasides et al found OS of 33.6 and 23.4 months, respectively, for
stage III and IV disease. Morrice et al reported the median OS of 33 and 12 months
for stage III and IV MOC, respectively.[1] For stage III and IV disease, PFS was 4 and 3 months, respectively, in our study.
In a retrospective study, the PFS reported was 13 months for stage III and 6.9 months
for stage IV.[7] In another study, the median PFS for stage III and IV MOC was 5.7 months[2]. These differences are not statistically significant. The 5-year OS reported for
stages I&II combined are 86%, while for advanced stage III&IV are 28%.[27] Our study showed 5-year OS for early stage I&II of 97%, while for advanced stage
III&IV the OS was 26%.
In recent years, molecular testing has enhanced the understanding of the biology of
primary mucinous ovarian cancer, which may have an impact on the treatment and outcomes
of MOC. The MOC is associated with defects in KRAS, BRAF, HER2, EGFR, ALK, MSI, PTEN,
PI3KCA, and Src alterations.[1]
[4]
[16] These genetic alterations are shifting the paradigm of MOC toward targeted therapies.
Unfortunately, the molecular testing was missing in our patients, probably because
the study included the patients diagnosed until 2016 and second because of cost constraints.
There were some limitations of our study, including small sample size from a single
institution and retrospective analysis. Twenty-six percent patients had diagnostic
surgery done outside surgery, where there may lack proper surgical oncology skills.
MOC was diagnosed on surgical specimens or referred blocks sent to our pathology laboratory,
with incomplete information in some cases. In several cases, the exact size of the
tumor and sometimes even laterality was not mentioned. Similarly, in several cases
pathological grade and subtypes (expansile and infiltrative) were also not available.
On the contrary, this study has probably the largest patient number and previously
no such research has taken place in Pakistan, which explicitly sees clinicopathological
characteristics and outcomes of MOC.
Conclusion
Mucinous ovarian cancer is a disease in constant evolution. Results of our study show
that the OS is higher for patients presenting with early stage disease as compared
with those with non-mucinous histologic subtypes of ovarian cancer. However, for women
with stage III/IV, mucinous ovarian cancer prognosis is poor with significantly lower
survival rates. These results correspond with published western literature. Because
of limited resources leading to lack of use of targeted therapy, these results seem
encouraging and outcomes could have been better with availability of targeted therapy
such as bevacizumab.
