Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2017; 38(13): 967-974
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118007
Physiology & Biochemistry
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Acute Exercise and Insulin Sensitivity in Boys: A Time-Course Study

Emma J. Cockcroft
1   Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
2   Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
,
Craig A. Williams
1   Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
,
Hayley Weaver
3   Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
,
Amy O'Connor
1   Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
,
Sarah R. Jackman
3   Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
,
Neil Armstrong
1   Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
,
Alan R. Barker
1   Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 19 July 2017

Publication Date:
01 October 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

This study examined the time course of adaptions in insulin sensitivity (IS) in adolescent boys after acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity exercise (MIE). Eight boys (15.1±0.4 y) completed three 3-day experimental trials in a randomised order: 1) 8×1 min cycling at 90% peak power with 75 s recovery (HIIE); 2) cycling at 90% of gas exchange threshold for a duration to match work during HIIE (MIE); and 3) rest (CON). Plasma [glucose] and [insulin] were measured before (PRE-Ex), 24 and 48 h post (24 h-POST, 48 h-POST) in a fasted state, and 40 min (POST-Ex) and 24 h (24 h-POST) post in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). IS was estimated using the Cederholm (OGTT) and HOMA (fasted) indices. There was no change to HOMA at 24 h or 48 h-POST (all P>0.05). IS from the OGTT was higher POST-EX for HIIE compared to CON (17.4%, P=0.010, ES=1.06), and a non-significant increase in IS after MIE compared to CON (9.0%, P=0.14, ES=0.59). At 24 h-POST, IS was higher following both HIIE and MIE compared to CON (HIIE: P=0.019, 13.2%, ES=0.88; MIE: 9.7%, P=0.024, ES=0.65). In conclusion, improvements to IS after a single bout of HIIE and MIE persist up to 24 h after exercise when assessed by OGTT.

 

  • References

  • 1 Babraj JA, Vollaard NB, Keast C, Guppy FM, Cottrell G, Timmons JA. Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. BMC Endocr Disord 2009; 9: 3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Barker AR, Williams CA, Jones AM, Armstrong N. Establishing maximal oxygen uptake in young people during a ramp cycle test to exhaustion. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45: 498-503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2006; 1: 50-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bond B, Williams CA, Jackman SR, Woodward A, Armstrong N, Barker AR. Accumulating exercise and postprandial health in adolescents. Metabolism 2015; 64: 1068-1076
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Bond B, Hind S, Williams CA, Barker AR. The acute effect of exercise intensity on vascular function in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47: 2628-2635
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Bond B, Williams CA, Isic C, Jackman SR, Tolfrey K, Barrett LA, Barker AR. Exercise intensity and postprandial health outcomes in adolescents. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115: 927-936
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Carson V, Rinaldi RL, Torrance B, Maximova K, Ball GDC, Majumdar SR, Plotnikoff RC, Veugelers P, Boule NG, Wozny P, McCargar L, Downs S, Daymont C, Lewanczuk R, McGavock J. Vigorous physical activity and longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in youth. Int J Obes 2014; 38: 16-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Cederholm J, Wibell L. Insulin release and peripheral sensitivity at the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990; 10: 167-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Cockcroft EJ, Williams CA, Jackman SR, Armstrong N, Barker AR. Agreement and reliability of fasted and oral glucose tolerance test-derived indices of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in boys. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 411-417
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Cockcroft EJ, Williams CA, Tomlinson OW, Vlachopoulos D, Jackman SR, Armstrong N, Barker AR. High intensity interval exercise is an effective alternative to moderate intensity exercise for improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in adolescent boys. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18: 720-724
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992; 112: 155-159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Cole T, Bellizzi M, Flegal K, Dietz W. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1240-1243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Corder K, Sharp SJ, Atkin AJ, Griffin SJ, Jones AP, Ekelund U, van Sluijs EMF. Change in objectively measured physical activity during the transition to adolescence. Br J Sports Med 2013; 49: 730-736
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Costigan SA, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Taaffe DR, Lubans DR. High-intensity interval training for improving health-related fitness in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49: 1253-1261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 De Araujo ACC, Roschel H, Picanço AR, do Prado DML, Villares SMF, de Sá Pinto AL, Gualano B. Similar health benefits of endurance and high-intensity interval training in obese children. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42747
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Gungor N, Saad R, Janosky J, Arslanian S. Validation of surrogate estimates of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2004; 144: 47-55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Hansen PA, Nolte LA, Chen MM, Holloszy JO. Increased GLUT-4 translocation mediates enhanced insulin sensitivity of muscle glucose transport after exercise. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 1218-1222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 1121-1124
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Henriksen EJ. Invited review: Effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93: 788-796
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Host HH, Hansen PA, Nolte LA, Chen MM, Holloszy JO. Rapid reversal of adaptive increases in muscle GLUT-4 and glucose transport capacity after training cessation. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 798-802
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Janssen I, Leblanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010; 7: 40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Levy JC, Matthews DR, Hermans MP. Correct homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) evaluation uses the computer program. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 2191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Logan GM, Harris N, Duncan S, Schofield G. A review of adolescent high-intensity interval rraining. Sports Med 2014; 44: 1071-1085
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Logan GR, Harris N, Duncan S, Plank LD, Merien F, Schofield G. Low-active male adolescents: A dose response to high-intensity interval training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48: 481-490
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Magkos F, Tsekouras Y, Kavouras SA, Mittendorfer B, Sidossis LS. Improved insulin sensitivity after a single bout of exercise is curvilinearly related to exercise energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114: 59-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Magnussen CG, Smith KJ, Juonala M. When to prevent cardiovascular disease? As early as possible: lessons from prospective cohorts beginning in childhood. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013; 28: 561-568
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Malin SK, Rynders CA, Weltman JY, Barrett EJ, Weltman A. Exercise intensity modulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion when adjusted for adipose, liver and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0154063
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Metcalf B, Henley W, Wilkin T. Effectiveness of intervention on physical activity of children: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with objectively measured outcomes (EarlyBird 54). BMJ 2012; 345: e5888
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Metcalfe RS, Babraj JA, Fawkner SG, Vollaard NB. Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: Beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 2767-2775
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Motl RW, Dishman RK, Saunders R, Dowda M, Felton G, Pate RR. Measuring enjoyment of physical activity in adolescent girls. Am J Prev Med 2001; 21: 110-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Muniyappa R, Madan R, Quon MJ. Assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in humans. NCBI Bookshelf Endotext [Internet] 2015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278954 Last Update: 2 Feb 2015
    PubMed
  • 32 Phillips LRS, Parfitt G, Rowlands AV. Calibration of the GENEA accelerometer for assessment of physical activity intensity in children. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16: 124-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Price TB, Rothman DL, Shulman RG. NMR of glycogen in exercise. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 851-859
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Racil G, Ben Ounis O, Hammouda O, Kallel A, Zouhal H, Chamari K, Amri M. Effects of high vs. moderate exercise intensity during interval training on lipids and adiponectin levels in obese young females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113: 2531-2540
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Short KR, Pratt LV, Teague AM, Man CD, Cobelli C. Postprandial improvement in insulin sensitivity after a single exercise session in adolescents with low aerobic fitness and physical activity. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 129-137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD, Bemben DA. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol 1988; 60: 709-723
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Hayman L, Lustig RH, McCrindle B, Mietus-Snyder ML. Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2009; 119: 628-647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Stumvoll M, Mitrakou A, Pimenta W, Jenssen T, Yki-Jarvinen H, Van Haeften T, Renn W, Gerich J. Use of the oral glucose tolerance test to assess insulin release and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 295-301
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Tanner J, Whitehouse R. Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Arch Dis Child 1976; 51: 170-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Temelkova-Kurktschiev TS, Koehler C, Henkel E, Leonhardt W, Fuecker K, Hanefeld M. Postchallenge plasma glucose and glycemic spikes are more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than fasting glucose or HbA1c level. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1830-1834
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. Acute high-intensity interval running reduces postprandial lipemia in boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45: 1277-1284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Thompson PD, Crouse SF, Goodpaster B, Kelley D, Moyna N, Pescatello L. The acute versus the chronic response to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: S438-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Tolfrey K, Doggett A, Boyd C, Pinner S, Sharples A, Barrett L. Postprandial triacylglycerol in adolescent boys: A case for moderate exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 1049-1056
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Towsend N, Wickramasinghe K, Williams J, Bhatnagar P, Rayner M. Physical Activity Statistics 2015. British Heart Foundation; London: 2015
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Yelling M, Lamb KL, Swaine IL. Validity of a pictorial perceived exertion scale for effort estimation and effort production during stepping exercise in adolescent children. Eur Phys Educ Rev 2002; 8: 157-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar