Keywords
supportive parenting style - nonsupportive parenting style - oral hygiene behavior
- adolescents
Introduction
Indonesian Basic Health Research Data states that the prevalence of the Indonesian
population experiencing dental and oral health problems has increased sharply from
25.9% in 2013 to 57.6% in 2018.[1]
[2] The data also identified one of the vulnerable groups for dental and oral problems
which are adolescents aged between 10 and 14 where 55.6% suffer from dental and oral
diseases.[3]
[4] Based on the 2018 Riskesdas data in West Java Province, the proportion of oral health
problems in the age group of 10 to 14 years was found to be 8.28%, and the proportion
of oral health for all age groups in Depok City reached 9.65%. The proportion of dental
health problems in the age group of 10 to 14 years in West Java was 19.1%, and in
the city of Depok, it reached 22.6%.[2]
Entering early adolescence, a person experiences physical, mental, and psychological
changes. Once the permanent teeth have completely erupted, and if the permanent teeth
are damaged or lost, there is no replacement. Physical attractiveness in the adolescent
phase is essential in socializing, which ultimately results in dissatisfaction if
the appearance of his face, including parts of the mouth such as imperfect teeth.[5]
Patterns of behavior during early adolescence play an essential role in maintaining
oral hygiene because poor oral hygiene behavior will tend to continue into adulthood.[6]
[7]
[8] In adolescence, peer relationship is critical in everyday life, so they need to
spend much time with friends.[9] The increased risk of oral health problems in adolescence can be caused by environmental
influences such as peer association patterns in trying new things that can affect
oral health, such as smoking and alcohol consumption.[10] Furthermore, the freedom to consume sugary foods and disregarding parental rules,
may lead to neglecting oral hygiene habits like brushing teeth as a priority.[6]
[11]
[12] Thus, good behavior regarding oral hygiene should be formed as early as possible
and starting in the family environment, especially among parents.[5]
[7] The role of parents, especially mothers, is vital for guiding, providing understanding,
and providing facilities for maintaining children's oral health at home.
In parenting between parents and adolescents, the mother is a house member who has
an excellent opportunity to create more intense care and closeness to adolescents
in the family sphere.[13] Mothers are the primary caregivers of children from a young age, so knowledge, attitudes,
and oral hygiene practices by mothers directly related to children's oral health become
the first example for children in maintaining oral hygiene. This study aimed to determine
the role of maternal parenting style in predicting oral hygiene behavior in adolescents
aged between 12 and 14 years. It is hypothesized that a mother's parenting style affects
adolescents' oral hygiene behavior. This study is essential, considering that adolescence
is a period of changing behavior that can be carried over into adulthood. Hence, the
results of this study are expected to provide supporting data in making health behavior
programs for adolescents and their parents.
Materials and Methods
Depok City, the location of this study, is in West Java Province, Indonesia. The city
is divided into 11 districts with a total population of 180,941 early adolescents.
The Pancoran Mas subdistrict was selected as the study location based on random selection.
This subdistrict has 34 junior high schools, and two schools were chosen as study
locations. This study has received approval from the Research Ethics Commission of
Universitas Padjadjaran with document number 645/UN6.KEP/EC/2022. The type of research
used is quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted
at two junior high schools in Depok (SMP PGRI Depok and SMP Negeri 11 Depok) in November
2022. The total population of the two schools is 250 students. Based on the correlative
analytic formula, the sample size obtained a minimum sample size of 93 people. The
sampling technique used total sampling on SMP PGRI students and multistage random
sampling on students at SMP Negeri 11 Depok. Adolescents aged between 12 and 14 years
whom their mothers had raised since childhood were included. Parents signed written
consent prior to the study.
Measurement of Mother's Parenting Style
Mother's parenting style is the behavior of mothers toward their children that is
most prominent in caring for their children in everyday life. Parenting style was
measured using a questionnaire adapted from parent as social context questionnaire,[14] which has been translated and adapted into Indonesian. The instrument consists of
24 items and is measured with a four-point Likert scale, 1 = very inappropriate to
4 = very suitable. This questionnaire has been tested for Indonesian respondence with
a Cronbach alpha value of 0.70.[15] Scoring is done by combining scores for positive dimensions (warmth, structure,
autonomy support) as supportive parenting and negative dimensions (rejection, chaos,
coercion) as nonsupportive parenting.
Measurement of Oral Hygiene Behavior
Oral hygiene behavior was measured using the oral hygiene behavior questionnaire based
on the theory of planned behavior[16] and was adopted from Mahriani et al.[17] The measurement instrument encompasses attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms,
behavioral control, and behavioral intentions. The questionnaire utilized two scales,
the Likert scale and the semantic differential scale, to measure nineteen items. Oral
hygiene behavior was assessed using ordinal scale data.
The attitudes dimension was evaluated using the semantic differential scale with four
points ranging from 1=difficult to 4=easy, 1=unpleasant to 4=pleasant, and so on for
pairs such as useless-useful, bad-good, not useful-useful, unhealthy-healthy, boring-not
boring. The assessment of subjective norms, behavioral control, and intentions were
measured using a four-point Likert scale with options ranging from 1=strongly disagree
to 4=strongly agree.
All questionnaires were in the form of a written paper and distributed to each respondent
to be filled out with an average filling time of 15 minutes. Previously, the researcher
visited each class and gave directions to the respondents on how to fill out the questionnaire.
Then, the researcher read and explained each question in the questionnaire so that
each class could fill it out together.
Data Analysis
The data were evaluated using the SPSS application, and data analysis in this study
used a linear regression test to determine the role of maternal parenting style in
predicting adolescent oral hygiene behavior. A frequency analysis was also carried
out.
Result
The total number of subjects who participated in this study was 230 adolescents. [Table 1] shows that the respondents comprised 122 (53%) males and 108 (47%) females. Based
on the age characteristics of the respondents, it was dominated by 14 years of age
(39.6%) respondents. In addition, the respondent's level of education was dominated
by grade 8, as many as 86 (37.4%) people.
Table 1
Participant characteristics
|
Characteristics
|
n
|
%
|
|
Gender
|
|
|
|
Boys
|
122
|
53
|
|
Girls
|
108
|
47
|
|
Age (year)
|
|
|
|
12
|
51
|
22.2
|
|
13
|
88
|
38.3
|
|
14
|
91
|
39.6
|
|
Grade
|
|
|
|
7
|
80
|
34.8
|
|
8
|
86
|
37.4
|
|
9
|
64
|
27.8
|
[Table 2] describes the various dimensions of mothers' supportive and nonsupportive parenting
styles as reported by adolescents. In supportive parenting styles, adolescents dominantly
agree that mothers have warmth (52.7%), regularity (54.1%), and autonomy support (56%).
Meanwhile, nonsupportive parenting styles show that dominant adolescents disagree
with their mothers, having characteristics originating from the rejection (47.6%)
and chaos (43.4%) dimensions. Meanwhile, the coercion dimension's responses to agree
and disagree were almost the same (38.8 vs. 35.2%).
Table 2
Mother's parenting style
|
Supportive parenting
|
|
Parenting style dimensions
|
Response,
n
(%)
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
Disagree
|
Agree
|
Strongly agree
|
|
1. Warmth:
a. Mother showed her love for me
b. mom enjoyed her time with me
c. Mother always feels happy when she meets me
d. Mom thinks I'm special
|
1 (0.4)
4 (1.7)
2 (0.9)
7 (3.0)
|
9 (3.9)
10 (4.3)
9 (3.9)
14 (6.1)
|
97 (42.2)
128 (55.7)
121 (52.6)
139 (60.4)
|
123 (53.5)
88 (3.3)
98 (42.6)
70 (30.4)
|
|
Subtotal
|
14 (1.5)
|
42 (4.6)
|
485 (52.7)
|
379 (41.2)
|
|
2. Structure:
a. Mother shows the way and gives guidance
b. Mother gives an explanation about something
c. My mother accompanies me to find solutions to the problems faced
d. My mother explained the reasons for the rules that apply in the family
|
3 (1.3)
1 (0.4)
4 (1.7)
6 (6.5)
|
15 (6.5)
22 (9.6)
22 (9.6)
9 (9.7)
|
109 (47.4)
121 (52.6)
122 (53.0)
59 (63.4)
|
103 (44.8)
86 (37.4)
82 (35.7)
19 (20.4)
|
|
Subtotal
|
14 (2.5)
|
68 (8.9)
|
411 (54.1)
|
290 (34.6)
|
|
3. Autonomy support:
a. Mother trusts me
b. Mother accepts me as I am
c. Mother allowed me to do something important
d. Mom tries to understand my point of view
|
-
-
4 (1.7)
7 (3.0)
|
5 (2.2)
6 (2.6)
11 (4.8)
27 (11.7)
|
131 (57.0)
99 (43.0)
124 (53.9)
161 (70.0)
|
94 (40.9)
125 (54.3)
91 (39.6)
35 (15.2)
|
|
Subtotal
|
11 (1.2)
|
49 (5.3)
|
515 (56.0)
|
345 (37.5)
|
|
Nonsupportive parenting
|
|
Parenting style dimensions
|
Response,
n
(%)
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
Disagree
|
Agree
|
Strongly agree
|
|
1. Rejection:
a. Sometimes I wonder if my mother likes me
b. My mother always thought that I was getting in her way
c. My mother made me feel unwanted
d. Mother is always dissatisfied at what I do
|
15 (6.5)
64 (27.8)
84 (36.5)
45 (19.6)
|
59 (25.7)
131 (57.0)
119 (51.7)
129 (56.1)
|
120 (52.2)
29 (12.6)
22 (9.6)
46 (20.0)
|
36 (15.7)
6 (2.6)
5 (2.2)
10 (4.3)
|
|
Subtotal
|
208 (22.6)
|
438 (47.6)
|
217 (23.6)
|
57 (6.2)
|
|
2. Chaos:
a. When my mother made an appointment, I didn't know if she would keep her promise
b. when my mother said she would do something, sometimes she didn't
c. mom I fiddled with the rules on me
d. My mother suddenly got mad at me for no reason
|
8 (3.5)
16 (7.0)
27 (11.7)
65 (28.3)
|
73 (31.7)
102 (44.3)
118 (51.3)
106 (46.1)
|
125 (54.3)
97 (42.2)
68 (29.6)
45 (19.6)
|
24 (10.4)
15 (6.5)
17 (7.4)
14 (6.1)
|
|
Subtotal
|
116 (12.6)
|
399 (43.4)
|
335 (36.4)
|
70 (7.6)
|
|
3. Coercion:
a. My mother dictated what to do
b. My mother is my boss
c. My mother thinks there is only one right way – her way
d. My mother says “no” to everything
|
14 (6.1)
22 (9.6)
13 (5.7)
79 (34.3)
|
49 (21.3)
69 (30.0)
83 (36.1)
123 (53.5)
|
133 (57.8)
98 (42.6)
105 (45.7)
21 (9.1)
|
34 (14.8)
41 (17.8)
29 (12.6)
7 (30)
|
|
Subtotal
|
128 (13.9)
|
324 (35.2)
|
357 (38.8)
|
111 (2.1)
|
The oral hygiene behavior of adolescents can be seen in [Table 3]. In the attitude dimension, the dominant adolescents gave a positive response (53.4%)
in which 49.6% adolescents said that maintaining oral hygiene by brushing their teeth
twice a day is easy, 71.7% said fun, 62.6% said not useless, 49.9% said good, 57.8%
said useful, 51.7% said healthy, and 67.4% said not dull. For the subjective norm
dimension, the presence of mothers (53.5%), teachers (60.9%), and other relatives
(50%) who order them to brush their teeth twice a day is the norm that influences
their behavior. Finally, in the behavioral control dimension, the dominant adolescents
gave a response that agreed that they could control their brushing behavior (44.8%),
thus leading to their intention to behave that way (57.5%). The total score of adolescent
oral hygiene behavior is 60.37 ([Table 4]).
Table 3
Adolescent oral hygiene behavior
|
Score,
n
(%)
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
1. Attitude “maintain oral hygiene by brushing teeth 2x a day”
a. Difficult—easy
b. Not fun—fun
c. Useless—not useless
d. Bad—good
e. Not useful—useful
f. Unhealthy—healthy
g. Boring—not boring
|
-
2 (0.9)
1 (0.4)
2 (0.9)
1 (0.4)
-
2 (0.9)
|
7 (3.0)
17 (7.4)
4 (1.7)
11 (4.8)
7 (3.0)
2 (0.9)
27 (11.7)
|
114 (49.6)
165 (71.7)
81 (35.2)
103 (44.8)
133 (57.8)
109 (47.4)
155 (67.4)
|
109 (47.4)
46 (20.0)
144 (62.6)
114 (49.6)
89 (38.7)
119 (51.7)
46 (20.0)
|
|
Subtotal
|
8 (0.5)
|
75 (4.6)
|
860 (53.4)
|
667 (41.5)
|
|
Score,
n
(%)
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
Disagree
|
Agree
|
Strongly agree
|
|
2. Subjective norms
a. Mother told me to brush my teeth 2x a day
b. The teacher told me to brush my teeth 2x a day
c. Friends told me to brush my teeth twice a day
d. Someone else (uncle/aunt/sister or other) told me brush my teeth 2x a day
|
–
6 (2.6)
44 (19.1)
8 (3.5)
|
13 (5.7)
57 (24.8)
148 (64.3)
100 (43.5)
|
123 (53.5)
140 (60.9)
34 (14.8)
115 (50.0)
|
94 (40.9)
27 (11.7)
4 (1.7)
7 (3.0)
|
|
Subtotal
|
58 (6.3)
|
318 (34.6)
|
412 (44.8)
|
132 (14.3)
|
|
3. Behavior control:
a. If I want, I can brush my teeth 2x a day
b. For me, brushing my teeth 2x a day is easy
c. I can brush my teeth 2x a day
d. Brushing my teeth 2x a day is easy for me
|
6 (2.6)
–
2 (0.9)
5 (2.2)
|
23 (10.0)
9 (3.9)
12 (5.2)
21 (9.1)
|
133 (57.8)
127 (55.2)
146 (63.5)
116 (50.4)
|
68 (29.6)
94 (40.9)
70 (30.4)
88 (38.3)
|
|
Subtotal
|
13 (1.4)
|
65 (7.1)
|
522 (56.7)
|
320 (34.8)
|
|
4. Behavior intension:
a. I will routinely brush my teeth twice a day every day
b. I am willing to brush my teeth twice a day every day
c. I intend to brush my teeth twice a day every day
d. I want to brush my teeth twice a day every day
|
1 (0.4)
–
–
2 (0.9)
|
12 (5.2)
20 (8.7)
13 (5.7)
12 (5.2)
|
136 (59.1)
128 (55.7)
136 (59.1)
129 (56.1)
|
81 (35.2)
82 (35.7)
81 (35.2)
87 (37.8)
|
|
Subtotal
|
3 (0.3)
|
57 (6.2)
|
529 (57,5)
|
331 (36.0)
|
Table 4
A total score of adolescent oral hygiene behavior
|
|
Statistical measure
|
|
|
Subvariable
|
Mean
|
Standard deviation
|
Max
|
Min
|
|
• Intension
• Attitude toward behavior
• Subjective norms
• Behavior control
|
13,17
23,51
10,69
13,00
|
1,887
2,579
1,574
1,709
|
16
28
15
16
|
8
15
6
8
|
|
Total score of adolescent oral hygiene behavior
|
60,37
|
5,730
|
73
|
44
|
The results of the correlation test in [Table 5] regarding the correlation of the role of a mother's parenting style with attitudes,
subjective norms, behavioral control, intention, and total adolescent oral hygiene
behavior using the Spearman rank test. The correlation coefficient (r) was obtained for the total nonsupportive parenting style of −0.063 (p = 0.338) and the supportive parenting style of 0.558 (p = 0.000).
Table 5
Correlation of mother's parenting style with oral hygiene behavior subvariables
|
Attitude toward behavior
|
r
|
p
-Value
|
Result
|
|
Supportive
Warmth
Structure
Autonomy support
Nonsupportive
Rejection
Chaos
Coercion
|
0.502
0.443
0.375
0.364
− 0.022
− 0.080
− 0.023
0.046
|
0.000
0.000
0.000
0,000
0,742
0.225
0.731
0.491
|
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Not significant
Not significant
Not significant
Not significant
|
|
Subjective norms
|
|
|
|
|
Supportive
Warmth
Structure
Autonomy support
Nonsuportive
Rejection
Chaos
Coercion
|
0.282
0.218
0.234
0.213
− 0.024
− 0.036
− 0.069
0.142
|
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.719
0.586
0.299
0.031
|
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Not significant
Not significant
Not significant
Significant
|
|
Behavior control
|
|
|
|
|
Supportive
Warmth
Structure
Autonomy support
Nonsuportive
Rejection
Chaos
Coercion
|
0.487
0.392
0.369
0.394
− 0.118
− 0.159
− 0.041
0.071
|
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.073
0.016
0.538
0.285
|
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Not significant
Significant
Not significant
Not significant
|
|
Intention
|
|
|
|
|
Supportive
Warmth
Structure
Autonomy support
Nonsuportive
Rejection
Chaos
Coercion
|
0.333
0.263
0.222
0.316
− 0.75
− 0.119
− 0.035
0.021
|
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.254
0.071
0.593
0.754
|
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Not significant
Not significant
Not significant
Not significant
|
|
Total oral hygiene behavior
|
|
|
|
|
Supportive
Warmth
Structure
Autonomy support
Nonsupportive
Rejection
Chaos
Coercion
|
0.558
0.463
0.416
0.444
− 0.063
− 0.133
− 0.053
0.032
|
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.338
0.044
0.424
0.632
|
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Not significant
Significant
Not significant
Not significant
|
r = Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
The regression analysis conducted in [Tables 6] and [7] examined the impact of maternal parenting style on adolescent oral hygiene behavior
using multiple regression tests. The regression coefficient of nonsupportive parenting
style was 0.044 (sig=0.567), while the coefficient of supportive parenting style was
0.Q9 Q9785 (sig=0.000). The level of contribution made by supportive parenting style
to adolescent oral hygiene behavior was revealed by the calculated determinants, which
resulted in an R2 value of 31.2%.
Table 6
Effect of nonsupportive and supportive parenting styles on oral hygiene behavior
|
Variable
|
Coefficient regression
|
Error standard
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
Konstanta
Nonsupportive
Supportive
Warmth
Structure
Autonomy support
|
30,726
− 0.044
0.785
0.882
0.569
0.975
|
3,863
0.077
0.078
0.197
0.195
0.259
|
7,953
-0.573
10.096
4,483
2,912
3,763
|
0.000
0.567
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000
|
Table 7
Coefficient of determination of supportive parenting style on adolescent oral hygiene
behavior
|
Variable
|
r
|
r
2
|
Adjusted
r
Square
|
Standard error
|
|
Supportive parenting
|
0.558
|
0.312
|
0.309
|
4,764
|
From the calculation of Spearman rank correlation, it is known that parenting style,
which is significantly related to the formation of adolescent oral hygiene behavior,
is all dimensions of supportive parenting style consisting of warmth, structure, and
autonomy support as well as rejection dimensions that are included in the dimension
of nonsupportive parenting style. In the influence test with regression, only the
dimensions of supportive parenting consisting of warmth, structure, and autonomy support
significantly affected adolescent oral hygiene behavior by 31.2%. This shows that
the supportive parenting style variable contributes to adolescent oral hygiene behavior
by 31.2%, while other variables outside this study influence the remaining 68.8%.
Discussion
Parenting that was applied by mothers to adolescents, as reported by students at SMP
PGRI and SMP Negeri 11 Depok, showed that the supportive parenting style held a more
significant percentage than the nonsupportive parenting style. Based on the study's
results, the highest percentage of parenting style obtained was the warmth dimension,
with an average total percentage of adolescents agreeing and strongly agreeing about
the statement from the warm parenting style dimension reaching 46.95%. The lowest
percentage of parenting style obtained was the rejection dimension, with an average
total percentage of adolescents agreeing and strongly agreeing with statements from
the dimension of rejection is 14.9%. In Abidin et al.'s study, it was also stated
that the warmth dimension had the highest average score of other supportive parenting
style dimensions in Indonesia.[15]
Maternal parenting is the most dominant parenting style that mothers apply to children
from a young age in supporting children's physical, social, emotional, intellectual
and spiritual development. Every parent has different parenting styles for educating
children. Various parenting styles are influenced by education, ethnicity and culture,
socioeconomic families, and the history of parenting styles experienced by these parents.[18]
The most frequently chosen statement by respondents on the warm dimension of supportive
parenting style is “my mother shows her love for me,” with a total percentage of agree-strongly
agree reaching 95.7%. Children with the warm dimension parenting style will feel more
accepted, valued and cared for by the mother.[14] The application of the warmth dimension allows children to be close and open to
their mothers.[19] This allows children to adapt oral hygiene maintenance behaviors taught by mothers
from childhood and can be followed routinely without any coercion felt by the child.[5]
Based on [Tables 5] to [7], it is known that there is a significant relationship and influence between the
mother's supportive parenting style and the total oral hygiene behavior of adolescents,
consisting of intentions, attitudes, behavioral controls, and subjective norms. Based
on the classification of the closeness of the relationship between variables using
Guilford's Criteria (1956),[20] supportive parenting style has a reasonably close relationship with adolescent oral
hygiene behavior variables. From the linear regression results, each parenting dimension
has a significant effect with a positive direction regression coefficient on oral
hygiene behavior. This data shows that higher the application of the dimensions of
supportive parenting style, such as warmth, structure, and autonomy support by the
mother, the better the formation of adolescent oral hygiene behavior.
Mothers with warm, regular, and autonomous support will create an environment that
provides affection, enforces discipline, and clear rules and provides good facilities
so that good oral hygiene behavior is formed because children feel confident and capable
and find it easy to perform oral hygiene—supported by their environment. This statement
is in line with Fitri's study, which states that health behavior is determined by
whether or not the provision of facilities and infrastructure is a supporting factor.[21] Zakiudin's research states that there is a significant relationship between the
existence of clear regulations regarding personal hygiene and the personal hygiene
behavior of students at the Brebes Islamic Boarding School.[22]
The results of this study were also supported by the study of Wanti et al, which stated
that there was an influence of extrinsic motivation in the form of the role of parents
in maintaining children's dental health.[23] Assistance provided by mothers can change children's behavior and have a higher
level of motivation in behavior, including oral hygiene behavior. Hamida's research
shows that the better the parenting style applied to children, the better the child's
level of independence.[24]
In nonsupportive parenting, the coercion dimension has the highest total average percentage
in the agree-strongly agree column. This finding states that coercion is the negative
way mothers dominate raising children. Respondents' most frequently chosen statement
in the coercion subdimension was, “my mother dictated what I should do”. In the correlation
test, the dimension of coercion had a weak positive significant relationship with
subjective norms and had no relationship with overall oral hygiene behavior. Subjective
norms refer to individual subjective judgments about how others view this behavior.[7] Mothers who tend to apply coercive parenting to their children will control them
excessively, limiting children and demanding that children obey the rules made by
parents.[14] Children will view oral hygiene behavior as necessary thing that must be carried
out, and the child must implement this behavior by the mother. This study's application
of subjective norm factors in forming oral hygiene behavior has a minor average of
the other factors. Bramantoro et al state that subjective norms are one of the adolescents'
weakest predictors of tooth brushing behavior.[25]
In the rejection dimension, there is a significant negative relationship between behavioral
control factors and total adolescent oral hygiene behavior. The higher the application
of refusal parenting by the mother, the lower the control of the child's oral hygiene
behavior and behavior. Behavioral control refers to a person's judgment about how
likely it is to carry out a behavior based on the results of an evaluation of that
behavior. If a person believes and can clean his mouth by brushing his teeth regularly,
he will tend to have the intention to clean his mouth by brushing his teeth twice
a day regularly. In the rejection dimension, mothers tend to show reluctance and refuse
when children ask for help which causes children to find it difficult to practice
good oral hygiene behavior.[14]
[15]
The results of this study are in contrast to the research of de Jong et al, which
stated that ineffective parenting characterized by disciplinary inconsistencies and
excessive demands could lead to low levels of child compliance and harm children's
adherence to brushing their teeth twice a day.[26] The influence of differences in the target sample of the research was in filling
out the questionnaire because, in that study, the sample was parents with school-age
children, while in this study, the sample was teenagers who had experienced the development
of their intellectual abilities and independence. Adolescents generally have high
levels of delinquency and problematic behavior and will not obey parents who care
for them with a negative parenting style.[27]
[28]
According to the theory of planned behavior, the formation of behavior is determined
by one's intention, which is a combination of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived
behavioral control. Each individual has various variables to encourage them to do
some behavior. Different experiences and levels of knowledge can cause this difference.[26] When an individual has a positive attitude towards a behavior, perceiving it as
having a positive impact and being easy/fun to do, and also feels pressure/encouragement
from others to perform the behavior, along with believing they have the ability and
resources to support the behavior, their intention to perform the behavior (such as
oral hygiene behavior) increases. This, in turn, results in the individual carrying
out the oral hygiene behavior.[29]
Mothers have a central role in maintaining their children's health and are an essential
social model in forming dental and oral hygiene behavior in adolescence because this
behavior will be carried over into adulthood. Other studies have also stated that
mothers' knowledge about oral health significantly affects the oral health behavior
of their adolescent children.[30] From these various studies, it is proven that mothers have an essential role in
promoting positive attitudes towards oral hygiene behavior in their children from
childhood to adolescence, so parenting is needed. Maternal support such as warmth,
regularity, and autonomy support in creating good adolescent oral hygiene behavior.
There are limitations to this study that are as follows: the respondent variant is
only in one domicile, there is a risk of biased answers because adolescents fill out
the questionnaire using self-report, and the filling process is carried out together
in class where there is a possibility of cheating even though instructions have been
given and supervised by adults from the start. Future studies are expected to take
more varied subjects with different characteristics and cultures from several regions.
Consider distributing questionnaires to mothers in assessing mother-child care related
to parenting carried out in the family and demographic data such as age, education,
and mother's economy to see factors that influence parenting style.
Conclusion
Based on the study's results, the mother's supportive parenting style predicts adolescent
oral hygiene behavior at SMP PGRI Depok and SMP Negeri 11 Depok. The better the application
of style supportive care that mothers do, the better the oral hygiene behavior of
adolescents. However, there was no significant effect of the mother's nonsupportive
parenting style on the oral hygiene behavior of adolescents at SMP PGRI Depok and
SMP Negeri 11 Depok. Mothers with nonsupportive parenting styles do not help improve
adolescent oral hygiene behavior. Therefore, mothers must apply a supportive parenting
style to support the formation of good oral hygiene behavior in adolescents.
