Keywords
bronchoscopic biopsy - cytohistological - lung carcinoma - toluidine blue
Introduction
Lung cancer is currently the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, with 11.4%
of cancers and 18% of cancer-related deaths worldwide whereas Indian figures are 6.9
and 9.3%, respectively. Hence, the need for early diagnosis[1] There are several methods to obtain samples from suspicious lung masses. Bronchial
biopsy has the highest sensitivity among all the samples that can be obtained by bronchoscopic
techniques in case of endobronchial lesions.[2] In several studies conducted worldwide, imprint cytology has come up a long way
as a cytological method, to improve diagnostic accuracy as it provides viable tumor
cells directly from the lesions. This has helped in quick and less expensive, preliminary
reporting.[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Different stains can be applied to imprint cytology samples for cytology analysis.
Toluidine blue stain (TBS) is a basic metachromatic dye with high affinity for acidic
components like nucleic acids and therefore binds to nuclear material of tissues with
a high deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid content.[10] TBS has been extensively used by various researchers as a vital stain for oral mucosal
lesion and aspiration cytology reporting in recent years.[11]
[12]
[13] The literature shows, TBS is a practical, rapid, inexpensive, and effective adjunct
diagnostic tool. It is a supravital stain that accentuates good cytological and nuclear
details and enables the three-dimensional view of cells in wet mount film. It is easily
available, very cheap, cost-effective, and used for quick reporting.[12]
Many of the studies with TBS were done on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and
oral mucosal lesions. TBS has also been used earlier by several researchers in their
study for Rapid Onsite Evaluation (ROSE) on different sites like lymph nodes, thyroid,
breast, and salivary glands.[12] In case of lung, it has been used in transthoracic needle aspirations (TTNAs).[14] But there is no study to the best of our knowledge showing the use of TBS as an
onsite staining procedure for imprint smears of bronchoscopic biopsy. Hence, we undertook
this study on imprint smears, to see the efficiency of TBS, comparing it with histopathology
taken as gold standard.
Objective
To assess the efficacy of onsite TBS on imprint cytology of bronchoscopic biopsies
to diagnose malignancy in suspected cases of lung carcinoma.
Materials and Methods
This study was a prospective one, conducted in the department of pathology and department
of pulmonology of a teaching institute, after prior approval from institutional ethics
committee. The specimens for cytological and histological examination were collected
from the indoor and outdoor patients of the pulmonology department in whom a provisional
diagnosis of lung carcinoma was made according to clinical and radiological findings.
A total of such 100 patients were included in the study. Patients who were not willing
to undergo the procedure or were not medically fit for the procedure were excluded.
The samples were obtained by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy done by the pulmonologist.
Imprint smears were prepared in the bronchoscopy suite itself from the bronchial biopsy
in all the 100 cases. Imprint smears were prepared by placing forceps biopsy specimens
on a glass slide by gentle touching and rolling over the surface. Care was taken to
avoid crushing the specimen. All imprints were dipped in 95% alcohol for 20 seconds
and then 2 drops of TBS prepared earlier were added to the wet slide. The slide was
cover slipped, excess stain blotted out, and slide was subjected to cytological examination.
The TBS smears were reported by an experienced pathologist onsite regarding adequacy,
and if adequate, a provisional diagnosis was given. If the imprint was found to be
of scant cellularity, or hemorrhagic/necrotic material, inadequate for reporting,
further imprint was taken. After making the initial onsite reporting, the slides were
again dipped in alcohol for permanent cytological staining with Papanicolaou (PAP)/hematoxylin
and eosin (H&E) stain. However, permanent cytological stains were not included as
a part of the current study. Bronchial biopsy specimens were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered
formalin, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were prepared, which were
subsequently stained with H&E. Onsite TBS cytology and histopathology slides were
viewed independently by different pathologists. Immunohistochemical confirmation was
done for the histopathology samples. Data were analyzed subsequently for sensitivity
and specificity of TBS.
Results
Toluidine blue stained smears yielded 100% adequacy in case of reporting. All cases
were grouped under two heads for onsite stained smears—“positive for malignancy” and
“negative for malignancy.” The sensitivity and specificity of malignancy detection
with toluidine blue stained imprint smears were 97.9 and 80%. There were two false
negative and one false positive malignancy cases ([Table 1]). Out of 93 cases diagnosed as “positive for malignancy” by TBS imprint cytology,
only 10 cases could not be separately subclassified into specific type. Others were
grouped as “small cell” and “nonsmall cell” carcinomas ([Fig. 1A, B]). Histopathological final diagnosis along with immunohistochemical confirmation
of 100 cases yielded 95 cases to be malignant, with squamous cell carcinoma being
the most common subtype (48 cases) ([Table 2], [Fig.2]), followed by small cell carcinoma (31 cases) and adenocarcinoma (16 cases) ([Fig. 3A, B]). There were four cases of granulomatous inflammation, later found to be of tubercular
etiology. History from the patients, including males and females revealed that 90
out of 95 malignant cases had used tobacco either in form of smoking or orally for
chewing/as toothpaste. The patients' age group ranged from 41 to 75 years, and the
mean age was 62 years.
Table 1
Results of toluidine blue stain
|
|
Histopathology Results
|
|
Malignant
|
Nonmalignant
|
|
Toluidine blue
stain results
|
Positive for malignancy
|
93
|
1
|
|
Negative for malignancy
|
02
|
4
|
|
Total
|
95
|
5
|
Fig. 1 (A) Imprint smear positive for malignancy, nonsmall cell carcinoma (favors adenocarcinoma
– showing three-dimensional clusters and acinar structures, toluidine blue stain ×400).
(B) Imprint smear positive for malignancy, nonsmall cell carcinoma (favors squamous
cell carcinoma – showing atypical squamous cells, toluidine blue stain ×400).
Table 2
Histological subtypes of all cases
|
Histological subtype
|
Number of cases
|
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
48
|
|
Small cell carcinoma
|
31
|
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
16
|
|
Granulomatous lesion
|
4
|
|
Nonspecific inflammation with reserve cell hyperplasia
|
1
|
|
Total
|
100
|
Fig. 2 Squamous cell carcinoma, histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], ×100).
Fig. 3 (A) Adenocarcinoma (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] ×200). (B) Adenocarcinoma, immunohistochemistry (IHC) (thyroid transcription factor 1 [TTF-1]
×100).
Discussion
In the current study, we aimed at assessing value of toluidine blue as onsite stain
for imprint smear cytology of bronchoscopic biopsy specimens in suspected cases of
lung carcinoma. Our main aim was to assess the method for diagnosing malignant lesions
on cytology. However, in addition, the adequacy of imprints smears was given by TBS.
This helped in ensuring sufficient sample for assessment. The provisional diagnoses
were compared with final histopathological diagnosis, which was used as gold standard.
Our study yielded a sensitivity of 97.9% and specificity of 80% for TBS onsite stained
imprint smears. Eighty-three out of 93 cases were also correctly subtyped into “small
cell” and “nonsmall cell” carcinomas.
Several researchers have carried out studies on onsite staining using different stains.
In a study of rapid on site staining using brilliant cresyl blue by Sofi et al for
FNAC smears on several sites, majority of the cases (approximately 95%) appearing
malignant with brilliant cresyl blue staining correlated with PAP and/or H&E staining.[15]
Patil and Nikumbh conducted a study to see the efficacy of aqueous TBS smears in comparison
to conventional smears stained with PAP stain of cervico-vaginal smears and to reduce
the reporting time of smears and also cutting down on the cost. They concluded that
the TBS is better for cervico-vaginal cytology and preferred over PAP staining with
respect to staining properties of nucleus as well as cytoplasm.[16]
In a recent study by Anila et al, TBS was used to investigate the value of ROSE in
TTNA of patients with pulmonary nodules.[8]
[9]
[10]
[11] The authors concluded that ROSE can subclassify the morphological type of bronchogenic
carcinoma in a majority of cases.[12] The use of ROSE helps in ensuring the adequacy of sample, minimize the number of
passes required, and thereby minimize complications such as pneumothorax.[14]
Chandra et al conducted a study to assess the role of cytology in the diagnosis of
lung lesions and to compare it with histopathology. It was also intended to evaluate
the role of ROSE as an adjunct to cytological diagnosis of lung lesions. The study
included all the cases of lung lesions, which were diagnosed on cytology followed
by histopathology. Among other cytological techniques, imprint cytology was also done.
In addition to the adequacy, which increased to 93.4% with TBS, it was concluded that
cytology is comparable to histology in the diagnosis of lung lesions and may even
outperform biopsy in lung tumor diagnosis. Also, preliminary distinction between neoplastic
and non-neoplastic was possible with TBS in a fair number of cases.[17]
Verma and Gupta in their study of rapid method of cytology diagnosis by supravital
staining in FNAC of various tissue and organs found that out of 100 cases, 93 cases
(93%) were diagnosed correctly and discrepancy of 7 cases found in cytological diagnosis
by TBS and H&E stain. Non-neoplastic cases were diagnosed correctly with the overall
accuracy of 93.75% and neoplastic cases were diagnosed with an accuracy of 92.30%.
They concluded that the advantage of this technique was that cells are seen in living
natural condition without any artifact caused by fixation, air dry, or cutting.[18]
In a study from Pakistan by Saba et al it was found that toluidine blue stained study
of FNAC improves the diagnostic accuracy by minimizing the smearing and drying artifact,
loss of cell sample during fixation and staining which influences the diagnostic accuracy.
In their study, the diagnostic accuracy by using PAP stain was 78%, while it was up
to 100% with supravital TBS smears. Moreover, the percentage of inadequacy was reduced
to just 25%.[12]
In 2012, Ammanagi et al showed that onsite TBS and screening improved the efficiency
of FNAC reporting.[13] Various researchers like Miller et al, Onofre et al, Mashberg, and Hedge et al showed
in their respective articles TBS as diagnostic adjunct in detection of asymptomatic
oral squamous cell carcinoma and its utility in early detection of oral malignancies.[19]
[20]
[21]
[22] Warnakulasuriya and Johnson discussed the role of toluidine blue mouth rinse in
oral cancers.[23]
In his review article, Hassan has observed, ROSE has shown acceptable sensitivity
both for malignant and benign disease. He also opined that the role of onsite stains
is emerging in molecular testing for lung cancer, and use of telemedicine and telepathology
were important aspects to propagate the application of the procedure.[24]
All the above studies were on variety of cytological specimens, providing important
directions and reference to our research. Every study has opined that onsite stain
such as toluidine blue can effectively classify tumors based on cytology, in addition
to its indispensable role in checking for adequacy. However, there were no studies
in particular with focus on imprint smears of bronchoscopic biopsy. With the importance
of imprint cytology been outlined by various studies earlier, it is important to identify
cost-effective, accurate, and quick methods for the same. Results from our study showed
that nuclear staining and diagnostic properties of TBS is comparable to and no less
than permanent stains used in earlier studies.[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
However, there was one false positive case and two false negative cases in our study
with TBS. Comparable rates of false positive and false negative results with PAP cytology
were also reported in other studies. An earlier study by the author found similar
results with Leishman-Giemsa cocktail stain.[25] False positive case may arise due to crushing artifact during biopsy acquisition
or distorted cytomorphology produced during the imprinting process.[5] False negative cases might be due to the scanty tumor cells at the surface of specimen.
Imprint cytology, as a method, is solely based on the amount of tumor cells the biopsy
specimen provides. In cases of lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma, there is, by definition,
minimal recognizable cellular atypia—hence a potential source of misjudgment.[26]
[27]
Although all studies have opined that onsite staining is beneficial, human resource
constraints have been taken up by a group of authors. Mehrotra et al are of the opinion
that the affordability of ROSE is questionable from a human resource perspective as
there are availability issues with regards to the time spent providing ROSE in the
bronchoscopy suite itself. This leads to unavailability of pathologists to interpret
onsite stains and requirement of training of cytotechnologists for the same.[28]
Conclusion
From the current study it may be concluded that there is ample scope of using toluidine
blue as onsite stain to check the adequacy and also the preliminary detection of malignancy
along with their subtyping on imprint cytology of bronchoscopic biopsies. Toluidine
blue as a stain shows up very good nuclear details. Nonetheless, extensive studies
are required to validate these results.
