Zusammenfassung
Für das Endometriumkarzinom (EC), das häufigste Malignom des weiblichen Genitale,
lassen sich bisher zwei unterschiedliche Pathogenesewege definieren, denen auch eine
biologisch prognostische Bedeutung zukommt. Als Prototyp des sog. Typ- I-Karzinoms
gilt das endometrioide Adenokarzinom als häufigster Vertreter des EC mit vergleichsweise
deutlich besserer Prognose. Pathogenetisch zeigt das endometrioide Karzinom häufig
eine Mikrosatelliteninstabilität sowie K-ras-Mutationen, die bereits auch in vorausgehenden
Hyperplasien nachweisbar sind. Mikrosatelliteninstabile Tumoren weisen oft auch Mutationen
des PTEN-Gens auf. Alterationen des p53-Gens werden nur bei 10 - 20 % beobachtet,
präferenziell bei schlecht differenzierten (G3) Karzinomen. Endometrioide Karzinome
sind östrogenabhängig und oft mit endometrialen Hyperplasien assoziiert. Die Nomenklatur
dieser Hyperplasien ist derzeit im Fluss. Diskutiert wird eine Zweiteilung in Hyperplasien
(glandulär-zystische Hyperplasie und komplexe Hyperplasie) und endometrioide Neoplasie
(atypische Hyperplasie und gut differenziertes [G1] Karzinom) und das Konzept der
endometrialen intraepithelialen Neoplasie (EIN). Derzeit sollten jedoch noch die Ergebnisse
weiterer Studien abgewartet werden, bevor die WHO-Klassifikation der endometrialen
Hyperplasien modifiziert wird, deren Änderung auf der Basis eines breiten internationalen
Konsens erfolgen sollte. Beim Typ II des EC, dessen Prototyp das serös-papilläre Adenokarzinom
ist, lassen sich in mehr als 90 % Mutationen des p53-Tumorsuppressorgens nachweisen,
mit einer immunhistochemisch detektierbaren Akkumulation des (aberranten) p53-Onkoproteins
intranukleär. Eine Mikrosatelliteninstabilität und K-ras-Mutationen sind seltene Ereignisse.
Diese Karzinome mit sehr schlechter Prognose entstehen nicht selten in einem atrophen
Endometrium, möglicherweise über eine flache Läsion, die als endometriales intraepitheliales
Karzinom bezeichnet wird. Das klarzellige Adenokarzinom steht pathogenetisch dem serös-papillären
Typ-II-Karzinom nahe, mit jedoch nachweisbaren Unterschieden.
Summary
A dualistic model has been proposed for the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma.
In this model, type-I disease, represented by endometrioid carcinoma, denotes a slowly
developing, indolent condition which develops in the setting of excess estrogen stimulation
and which is associated with a comparatively favorable prognosis. Type-II disease,
represented by serous carcinoma, is a more aggressive variant arising in a low-estrogen
milieu. Pure serous carcinomas usually develop from atrophic endometrium in association
with endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) and are strongly associated with
immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein and p53 gene mutations. Microsatellite
instability and K-ras mutations are rare in serous carcinoma. Clear cell carcinoma
of the endometrium is probably a type-II tumor. Microsatellite instability and K-ras
mutations are common events in endometrioid carcinomas and are already present in
its hyperplastic precursors. Tumors with microsatellite instability often show mutation
of the PTEN gene. In contrast, p53 mutations are seen in only 10 % to 20 % of endometrial
carcinomas, usually in poorly differentiated tumors. Endometrioid carcinomas are estrogen-dependent
and frequently associated with endometrial hyperplasia. The nomenclature of these
hyperplasias is in flux. Recent discussions have proposed distinguishing endometrial
hyperplasia (glandular cystic hyperplasia and complex hyperplasia) and endometrioid
neoplasia (atypical hyperplasia and well differentiated endometrioid carcinoma). Others
have proposed a concept of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (atypical glandular
cystic and complex hyperplasia). We recommend using the WHO classification until further
clinicopathological and molecular studies are available to change the nomenclature
based on scientific evidence and international consensus.
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Lars-Christian Horn
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