Zusammenfassung
Die pathophysiologischen Veränderungen des Kreislaufsystems beim Verbrennungsschock
sind einmalig. Die ausgeprägte Störung der Schrankenfunktion der Gefäßwand, die generalisierte
intrazelluläre Ödembildung und die myokardiale Dysfunktion führen zu globalen und
regionalen Zirkulationsstörungen, die die jedes anderen Traumas übertreffen. Der Wunsch,
die Flüssigkeitsverschiebungen bei diesen Patienten nachvollziehen zu können, um eine
individuell angepasste, optimierte Volumentherapie zu ermöglichen, bleibt bestehen.
Mit der transpulmonalen Thermodilution steht uns seit einigen Jahren ein Verfahren
zur Verfügung, das diesen Wunsch zu erfüllen scheint. Diese Methode erlaubt die direkte
Volumenmessung verschiedener Kompartimente, und bietet neben üblichen Parametern,
wie Herzzeitvolumen, Gefäßwiderstand und Sauerstoffangebot, zusätzliche pathophysiologische
Parameter, wie der des totalen zirkulierenden Blutvolumens (TBV), des intrathorakalen
Blutvolumens (ITBV), des extravaskulären Lungenwassers (EVLW) und der hepatischen
Indocyaninclearance. Damit ist der schwierige Kompromiss zwischen Organperfusion und
Ödembildung fundierter einzugehen und eine rationale Volumengabe kann anhand von Messwerten
anstatt von empirischen Formeln erfolgen. Im Folgenden sollen eine kurze Einführung
in die Prinzipien der TPID und unsere Erfahrungen mit der Verwendung dieser Methode
zur Steuerung der Schocktherapie bei Schwerbrandverletzten dargestellt werden.
Transpulmonary Indicator Dilution: An Alternative Approach for Hemodynamic Monitoring
of Burn Shock
The pathophysiologic changes following thermal injury exceed those of any other trauma
we know. Myocardial depression, capillary leakage and extravascular edema lead to
hemodynamic collapse and organ failure, if not adequately treated. Being able to objectively
measure these extreme fluid shifts would allow an individually based fluid treatment
instead of the traditional, formula based shock therapy. The transpulmonary thermodilution
(TPID) allows an individually based burn resuscitation, which uses measurements of
intravascular volume deficits as guide for fluid therapy. This technique utilizes
a computerized analysis of double-indicator (temperature and dye) dilution, and has
been successfully used to manage the therapy of critically ill patients, especially
following cardiac surgery. The technique requires only a central venous catheter and
an arterial fiber optic thermistor catheter inserted into the femoral artery. TPID
determines the intrathoracic blood volume that has been shown to reflect circulatory
filling and volume status more precisely than CVP and PCWP. Additionally extravascular
lung water can be determined, which may offer a precise estimation of the interstitial
water in the lung. This allows a rational substitution of fluid during burn shock;
restoring intravascular volumes while being able to monitor the interstitial fluid
of the lung to avoid pulmonary edema. The aim of this article is to provide an introduction
to the basic principles of TPID and an evaluation of our experience with this technique
for guidance of shock therapy of severely burned patients.
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Dr. med. Charlotte Holm
Abteilung für Plastische Chirurgie Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte Krankenhaus München-Bogenhausen
Englschalkingerstraße 77 81925 München
Phone: + 49/89-92702030
Fax: + 49/89-92702036
Email: wmuehlbauer@t-online.de