Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2001; 05(4): 313-328
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-19042
Copyright © 2001 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel.: +1(212) 584-4662

Future of MR Imaging of Articular Cartilage

Garry E. Gold1,2 , Christopher F. Beaulieu1
  • 1Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
  • 2VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
17 December 2001 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Osteoarthritis, based on either cartilage injury or degeneration, is a leading cause of disability in the United States. Over the last several decades, much progress has been made in understanding cartilage injury and repair. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with its unique ability to noninvasively image and characterize soft tissue, has shown promise in assessment of cartilage integrity. In addition to standard MR imaging methods, MR imaging contrast mechanisms under development may reveal detailed information regarding the physiology and morphology of cartilage. MR imaging will play a crucial role in assessing the success or failure of therapies addressing cartilage injury and degeneration.

KEYWORD

Osteoarthritis - articular cartilage - magnetic resonance imaging

REFERENCES

  • 1 Swedberg J A, Steinbauer J R. Osteoarthritis.  Am Fam Phys . 1992;  45 557-668
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Brandt K D. Osteoarthritis.  Clin Geriatr Med . 1988;  4 279-293
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Davis M A. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis.  Clin Geriatr Med . 1988;  4 241-255
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Peyron J G. Epidemiological aspects of osteoarthritis.  Scand J Rheumatol Suppl . 1988;  77 29-33
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Sangha O. Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases.  Rheumatology . 2000 (suppl 2);  39 (3-12)
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Poole A R. An introduction to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.  Front Biosci . 1999;  4 D662-D670
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Roos H, Adalberth T, Dahlberg L, Lohmander L S. Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age.  Osteoarthr Cart . 1995;  3 261-267
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 van den Berg B W. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.  Joint Bone Spine . 2000;  67 555-556
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Bentley G, Minas T. Treating joint damage in young people.  Br Med J . 2000;  320 1585-1588
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Chevalier X. Autologous chondrocyte implantation for cartilage defects: development and applicability to osteoarthritis.  Joint Bone Spine . 2000;  67 572-578
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Chikanza I, Fernandes L. Novel strategies for the treatment of osteoarthritis.  Expert Opin Invest Drugs . 2000;  9 1499-1510
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Boegard T, Jonsson K. Radiography in osteoarthritis of the knee.  Skeletal Radiol . 1999;  28 605-615
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Coumas J M, Palmer W E. Knee arthrography. Evolution and current status.  Radiol Clin North Am . 1998;  36 703-728
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Disler D G, Recht M P, McCauley T R. MR imaging of articular cartilage.  Skeletal Radiol . 2000;  29 367-377
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Gold G E, Bergman A G, Pauly J M. Magnetic resonance imaging of knee cartilage repair.  Top Magn Reson Imag . 1998;  9 377-392
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Hodler J, Resnick D. Current status of imaging of articular cartilage.  Skeletal Radiol . 1996;  25 703-709
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 McCauley T R, Disler D G. Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage of the knee.  J Am Acad Orthop Surg . 2001;  9 2-8
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Recht M P, Resnick D. Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage: an overview.  Top Magn Reson Imag . 1998;  9 328-336
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Rubenstein J D, Li J G, Majumdar S, Henkelman R M. Image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio requirements for MR imaging of degenerative cartilage.  Am J Roentgenol . 1997;  169 1089-1096
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Meyer C H, Pauly J M, Macovski A, Nishimura D G. Simultaneous spatial and spectral selective excitation.  Magn Reson Med . 1990;  15 287-304
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Snaps F R, Saunders J H, Park R D, Daenen B, Balligand M H, Dondelinger R F. Comparison of spin echo, gradient echo and fat saturation magnetic resonance imaging sequences for imaging the canine elbow.  Vet Radiol Ultrasound . 1998;  39 518-523
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Vallotton J A, Meuli R A, Leyvraz P F, Landry M. Comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy in the diagnosis of patellar cartilage lesions: a prospective study.  Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc . 1995;  3 157-162
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 van Leersum M, Schweitzer M E, Gannon F, Finkel G, Vinitski S, Mitchell D G. Chondromalacia patellae: an in vitro study. Comparison of MR criteria with histologic and macroscopic findings.  Skeletal Radiol . 1996;  25 727-732
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Freeman D M, Bergman G, Glover G. Short TE MR microscopy: accurate measurement and zonal differentiation of normal hyaline cartilage.  Magn Reson Med . 1997;  38 72-81
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Xia Y, Farquhar T, Burton-Wurster N, Lust G. Origin of cartilage laminae in MRI.  J Magn Reson Imag . 1997;  7 887-894
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Brossmann J, Frank L R, Pauly J M, Boutin R D, Pedowitz R A, Haghighi P, Resnick D. Short echo time projection reconstruction MR imaging of cartilage: comparison with fat-suppressed spoiled GRASS and magnetization transfer contrast MR imaging.  Radiology . 1997;  203 501-507
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Disler D G. Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled MR imaging: assessment of articular and physeal hyaline cartilage.  Am J Roentgenol . 1997;  169 1117-1123
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Recht M P, Piraino D W, Paletta G A, Schils J P, Belhobek G H. Accuracy of fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo FLASH MR imaging in the detection of patellofemoral articular cartilage abnormalities.  Radiology . 1996;  198 209-212
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Escobedo E M, Hunter J C, Zink-Brody G C, Wilson A J, Harrison S D, Fisher D J. Usefulness of turbo spin-echo MR imaging in the evaluation of meniscal tears: comparison with a conventional spin-echo sequence.  Am J Roentgenol . 1996;  167 1223-1227
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Bredella M A, Tirman P F, Peterfy C G. Accuracy of T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR imaging with fat saturation in detecting cartilage defects in the knee: comparison with arthroscopy in 130 patients.  Am J Roentgenol . 1999;  172 1073-1080
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Potter H G, Linklater J M, Allen A A, Hannafin J A, Haas S B. Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in the knee. An evaluation with use of fast-spin-echo imaging.  J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1998;  80 1276-1284
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Henkelman R M, Stanisz G J, Kim J K, Bronskill M J. Anisotropy of NMR properties of tissues.  Magn Reson Med . 1994;  32 592-601
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Wolff S D, Chesnick S, Frank J A, Lim K O, Balaban R S. Magnetization transfer contrast: MR imaging of the knee.  Radiology . 1991;  179 623-628
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Koskinen S K, Yla-Outinen H, Aho H J, Komu M E. Magnetization transfer and spin lock MR imaging of patellar cartilage degeneration at 0.1 T.  Acta Radiol . 1997;  38 1071-1075
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Peterfy C G, van Dijke F C, Janzen D L. Quantification of articular cartilage in the knee with pulsed saturation transfer subtraction and fat-suppressed MR imaging: optimization and validation.  Radiology . 1994;  192 485-491
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Seo G S, Aoki J, Moriya H, Karakida O, Sone S, Hidaka H, Katsuyama T. Hyaline cartilage: in vivo and in vitro assessment with magnetization transfer imaging.  Radiology . 1996;  201 525-530
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Lattanzio P J, Marshall K W, Damyanovich A Z, Peemoeller H. Macromolecule and water magnetization exchange modeling in articular cartilage.  Magn Reson Med . 2000;  44 840-851
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Rand T, Brossmann J, Pedowitz R, Ahn J M, Haghigi P, Resnick D. Analysis of patellar cartilage. Comparison of conventional MR imaging and MR and CT arthrography in cadavers.  Acta Radiol . 2000;  41 492-497
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Grunder W, Biesold M, Wagner M, Werner A. Improved nuclear magnetic resonance microscopic visualization of joint cartilage using liposome entrapped contrast agents.  Invest Radiol . 1998;  33 193-202
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Bashir A, Gray M L, Boutin R D, Burstein D. Glycosaminoglycan in articular cartilage: in vivo assessment with delayed Gd(DTPA)(2-)-enhanced MR imaging.  Radiology . 1997;  205 551-558
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Bashir A, Gray M L, Hartke J, Burstein D. Nondestructive imaging of human cartilage glycosaminoglycan concentration by MRI.  Magn Reson Med . 1999;  41 857-865
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Burstein D, Velyvis J, Scott K T. Protocol issues for delayed Gd(DTPA)(2-)-enhanced MRI (dGEMRIC) for clinical evaluation of articular cartilage.  Magn Reson Med . 2001;  45 36-41
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Burstein D, Bashir A, Gray M L. MRI techniques in early stages of cartilage disease.  Invest Radiol . 2000;  35 622-638
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Eckstein F, Tieschky M, Faber S, Englmeier K H, Reiser M. Functional analysis of articular cartilage deformation, recovery, and fluid flow following dynamic exercise in vivo.  Anat Embryol . 1999;  200 419-424
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Andriacchi T P, Lang P L, Alexander E J, Hurwitz D E. Methods for evaluating the progression of osteoarthritis.  J Rehab Res Dev . 2000;  37 163-170
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Poon C S, Henkelman R M. Practical T2 quantitation for clinical applications.  J Magn Reson Imaging . 1992;  2 541-553
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Smith H E, Mosher T J, Dardzinski B J. Spatial variation in cartilage T2 of the knee.  J Magn Reson Imaging . 2001;  14 50-55
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Dardzinski B J, Mosher T J, Li S, Van Slyke A M, Smith M B. Spatial variation of T2 in human articular cartilage.  Radiology . 1997;  205 546-550
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Goodwin D W, Wadghiri Y Z, Dunn J F. Micro-imaging of articular cartilage: T2, proton density, and the magic angle effect.  Acad Radiol . 1998;  5 790-798
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Mosher T J, Dardzinski B J, Smith M B. Human articular cartilage: influence of aging and early symptomatic degeneration on the spatial variation of T2-preliminary findings at 3 T.  Radiology . 2000;  214 259-266
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Grunder W, Wagner M, Werner A. MR-microscopic visualization of anisotropic internal cartilage structures using the magic angle technique.  Magn Reson Med . 1998;  39 376-382
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Xia Y. Magic-angle effect in magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage: a review.  Invest Radiol . 2000;  35 602-621
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Shapiro E M, Borthakur A, Dandora R, Kriss A, Leigh J S, Reddy R. Sodium visibility and quantitation in intact bovine articular cartilage using high field (23)Na MRI and MRS.  J Magn Reson . 2000;  142 24-31
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Reddy R, Insko E K, Noyszewski E A, Dandora R, Kneeland J B, Leigh J S. Sodium MRI of human articular cartilage in vivo.  Magn Reson Med . 1998;  39 697-701
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Borthakur A, Shapiro E M, Beers J, Kudchodkar S, Kneeland J B, Reddy R. Sensitivity of MRI to proteoglycan depletion in cartilage: comparison of sodium and proton MRI.  Osteoarthr Cart . 2000;  8 288-293
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Gold G E, Pauly J M, Macovski A, Herfkens R J. MR spectroscopic imaging of collagen: tendons and knee menisci.  Magn Reson Med . 1995;  34 647-654
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Peters D C, Korosec F R, Grist T M, Block W F, Holden J E, Vigen K K, Mistretta C A. Undersampled projection reconstruction applied to MR angiography.  Magn Reson Med . 2000;  43 91-101
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Gold G E, Thedens D R, Pauly J M, Fechner K P, Bergman G, Beaulieu C F, Macovski A. MR imaging of articular cartilage of the knee: new methods using ultrashort TEs.  Am J Roentgenol . 1998;  170 1223-1226
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Becker E D, Farrar T C. Driven equilibrium Fourier transform spectroscopy. A new method for nuclear magnetic resonance signal enhancement.  J Am Chem Soc . 1969;  91 7784-7785
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Hargreaves B A, Gold G E, Lang P K. MR imaging of articular cartilage using driven equilibrium.  Magn Reson Med . 1999;  42 695-703
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Wang S F, Cheng H C, Chang C Y. Fat-suppressed three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo imaging: a modified FS 3D SPGR technique for assessment of patellofemoral joint chondromalacia.  Clin Imag . 1999;  23 177-180
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Menick B J, Bobman S A, Listerud J, Atlas S W. Thin-section, three-dimensional Fourier transform, steady-state free precession MR imaging of the brain.  Radiology . 1992;  183 369-377
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Duerk J L, Lewin J S, Wendt M, Petersilge C. Remember true FISP?.  <~>A high SNR, near 1-second imaging method for T2-like contrast in interventional MRI at .2 T. J Magn Reson Imag . 1998;  8 203-208
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Vasanawala S S, Pauly J M, Nishimura D G. Fluctuating equilibrium MRI.  Magn Reson Med . 1999;  42 876-883
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Vasanawala S S, Pauly J M, Nishimura D G. Linear combination steady-state free precession MRI.  Magn Reson Med . 2000;  43 82-90
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Kneeland J B. MRI probes biophysical structure of cartilage.  Diagn Imag . 1996;  18 36-40
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Butts K, Pauly J, de Crespigny A, Moseley M. Isotropic diffusion-weighted and spiral-navigated interleaved EPI for routine imaging of acute stroke.  Magn Reson Med . 1997;  38 741-749
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Xia Y, Farquhar T, Burton-Wurster N, Vernier-Singer M, Lust G, Jelinski L W. Self-diffusion monitors degraded cartilage.  Arch Biochem Biophys . 1995;  323 323-328
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar