Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-35887
Hepatische Enzephalopathie
Publication History
Publication Date:
04 December 2002 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die hepatische Enzephalopathie (HE) ist ein neuropsychiatrisches Krankheitsbild im Gefolge akuter und chronischer Leberkrankheiten und ist funktioneller Natur und daher potenziell reversibel. Pathogenetisch wird die HE heute als klinische Manifestation eines geringgradigen, chronischen Gliaödems angesehen, welches zu Änderungen der Astrozytenfunktion mit nachfolgender Störung der glioneuronalen Kommunikation führt. Unterschiedliche Faktoren, wie Ammoniak, inflammatorische Zytokine, Benzodiazepine und Elektrolytimbalanz, können die Gliaschwellung auslösen bzw. aggravieren, so dass verständlich wird, weshalb eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Faktoren eine HE auslösen kann. Während die Diagnose der manifesten HE einfach anhand des klinischen Bildes erfolgen kann, sind zur Aufdeckung der subklinischen HE (SHE) psychometrische und neurophysiologische Tests erforderlich. Im klinischen Alltag kommen vorwiegend „Paper-Pencil-Tests” zur Diagnose der SHE zum Einsatz, deren Wertigkeit allerdings begrenzt ist. Nach neuesten Daten ist die Bestimmung der kritischen Flimmerfrequenz (CFF) geeigneter, da sie die „low grade” HE als Kontinuum erfasst. Die Erkennung und konsequente Behandlung der HE-auslösenden Faktoren sind die wichtigste therapeutische Maßnahme, die durch diätetische und medikamentöse Maßnahmen ergänzt werden kann.
Literatur
- 1
Butterworth R F.
Complications of cirrhosis. III. Hepatic encephalopathy.
J Hepatol.
2000;
32
171-180
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 2
Häussinger D.
Pathogenesis and treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy.
Digestion.
1998;
59 Suppl 2
25-27
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 3
Ferenci P.
Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatogastroenterology.
1991;
38
371-376
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 4
Häussinger D, Laubenberger J, vom Dahl S. et al .
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity
and hepatic encephalopathy.
Gastroenterology.
1994;
107
1475-1480
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 5
Häussinger D, Kircheis G, Fischer R. et al .
Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte
swelling and low-grade cerebral edema.
J Hepatol.
2000;
32
1035-1038
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 6
Butterworth R F.
The astrocytic (‘peripheral-type’) benzodiazepine receptor: role in the pathogenesis
of portal-systemic encephalopathy.
Neurochem Int.
2000;
36
411-416
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 7
Warskulat U, Görg B, Bidmon H. et al .
Ammonia-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in cultured rat astrocytes and brain in
vivo.
Glia 2002 (in press).
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 8
Warskulat U, Kreuels S, Müller H W. et al .
Identification of osmosensitive and ammonia-regulated genes in rat astrocytes by Northern
blotting and differential display RT-PCR.
J Hepatol.
2001;
35
358-366
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 9
Schliess F, Görg B, Fischer R. et al .
Ammonia induces MK-801-sensitive nitration and phosphorylation of protein tyrosine
residues in rat astrocytes.
FASEB J.
2001;
16
739-741 (10.1096/fj.01 - 0862fje)
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 10
Larsen F S, Gottstein J, Blei A T.
Cerebral hyperemia and nitric oxide synthase in rats with ammonia-induced brain edema.
J Hepatol.
2001;
34
548-554
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 11
Görg B, Foster N, Reinehr R. et al .
Benzodiazepin-induced protein tyrosine nitration in rat astrocytes.
Hepatology.
2002;
(submitted)
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 12
Hermenegildo C, Marcaida G, Montoliu C. et al .
NMDA receptor antagonists prevent acute ammonia toxicity in mice.
Neurochem Res.
1996;
21
1237-1244
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 13
Vogels B AP, Maas M AW, Daalhuisen J. et al .
Memantine, a non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist improves hyperammonia-induced
encephalopathy and acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
820-827
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 14
Timmermann L, Gross J, Kircheis G. et al .
Cortical origin of postural tremor in hepatic encephalopathy.
Neurology.
2002;
58
296-298
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 15 Conn H O. Quantifying the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Conn HO, Bircher J Hepatic Encephalopathy: Syndromes and Therapies East Lansing, Michigan; Medi-Ed Press 1993: 13-26
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 16
Weissenborn K, Ennen J C, Schomerus H. et al .
Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy.
J Hepatol.
2001;
34 (5)
768-773
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 17
Kircheis G, Wettstein M, Timmermann L. et al .
Critical flicker frequency and quantification of low grade hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatology.
2001;
35
357-366
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 18
Watanabe A, Kuwabara Y, Okita H. et al .
Computer-assisted quantitative neuropsychological tests for early detection of subclinical
hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Res Commun Biol Psychology Psychiatry.
1997;
22
25-38
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 19
Groeneweg M, Quero J C, De Bruijn I. et al .
Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy impairs daily functioning.
Hepatology.
1998;
28
45-49
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 20
Kramer L, Tribl B, Gendo A. et al .
Partial pressure of ammonia versus ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatology.
2000;
31
30-34
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 21
Uribe M, Marquez M A, Garcia R amos G. et al .
Treatment of chronic portal systemic encephalopathy with vegetable and animal protein
diets. A controlled crossover study.
Dig Dis Sci.
1982;
27
119-126
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 22
Horst D, Grace, ND, Conn H O. et al .
Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched chain-enriched amino acid supplement
in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial.
Hepatology.
1984;
4
279-287
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 23 Ferenci P, Müller C. Hepatic Encephalopathy: treatment. McDonald JWD, Bourroughs AK, Feagan BG Evidence based gastroenterology and hepatology BMJ Publishing group 1999 chapter 26
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 24
Uribe M, Campollo O, Vargas F. et al .
Acidifying enemas (lactitol and lactose) versus nonacidifying enemas (tap water) to
treat acute portal-systemic encephalopathy: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.
Hepatology.
1987;
7
639-643
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 25
Kircheis G R, Nilius H, Berndt M. et al .
Therapeutic efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusion concentrate in patients with
liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy: A placebo-controlled double-blind study.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
1351-1360
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 26
Egberts E H, Schomerus H, Hamster W. et al .
Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy.
A double blind placebo-controlled crossover study.
Gastroenterology.
1985;
88
887-895
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 27
Naylor C D, O’Rourke K, Detsky A S. et al .
Parenteral nutrition with branched-chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. A
meta-analysis.
Gastroenterology.
1989;
97
1033-1042
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 28
Pomier-Layrargues G, Giguère J F, Lavoie J. et al .
Flumazenil in cirrhotic patients in hepatic coma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled
crossover trial.
Hepatology.
1994;
19
32-37
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 29
Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Soldini M. et al .
Flumazenil for Hepatic encephalopathy grade II and IV a in patients with cirrhosis:
an Italian multicenter double-blind,placebo-controlled, cross-over study.
Hepatology.
1998;
28
374-378
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 30
Bresci G, Parisi G, Banti S.
Management of hepatic encephalopathy with oral zinc supplementation: a long term treatment.
Eur J Med.
1993;
2
414-416
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 31
Vásconez C, Elizalde J, Llach J. et al .
Helicobacter pylori, hyperammonemia and subclinical portosystemic encephalopathy:
effects of eradication.
J Hepatol.
1999;
30
260-264
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
Prof. Dr. D. Häussinger
Medizinische Universitätsklinik
Moorenstraße 5
40225 Düsseldorf
Email: haeussin@uni-duesseldorf.de