Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Zur
Frage, inwieweit sich die Größe der Geburtsklinik
auf das gesundheitliche Outcome von Neugeborenen auswirkt, liegen
nur wenige Analysen in der BRD vor. In dieser Studie sollte der
Einfluss der Klinikgröße auf das neonatale Überleben
evaluiert werden.
Patienten und Methodik: Die Hessische
Perinatalerhebung 1990-2000 mit 640554 Geburten
sowie die Hessische Neonatalerhebung 1989-1997 wurden analysiert
und attributable (d. h. potenziell vermeidbare) Todesfälle
in Abhängigkeit von Geburtsgewichtskategorien und Klinikgrößen
berechnet. Zusätzlich wurden Trendanalysen und eine Hochrechnung
für attributable Todesfälle der Gesamt-BRD durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich zu den großen
Geburtsklinken zeigten sich erhöhte risikoadjustierte Mortalitätsraten
in kleineren geburtshilflichen Einheiten. Die Schätzung
attributabler Sterbefälle ergab 257 Verstorbene in 11 Jahren.
Obwohl eine Trendanalyse eine Verringerung dieses Effektes anzeigte,
ergab eine Hochrechnung auf die Gesamt-BRD, basierend auf den Jahren
1997-2000, mehr als 300 attributable Sterbefälle
pro Jahr.
Folgerungen: Auch nach kritischer Diskussion
und bei zurückhaltender Interpretation ist eine valide
Aussage über die Größenordnung der attributablen
Sterbefälle möglich. Demnach sind in Hessen von
1990-2000 mehr als 200 neonatale Todesfälle aufgetreten,
weil die medizinischen Möglichkeiten einer großen
Geburtsklinik nicht zur Verfügung standen. Es ist zu erwarten,
dass in der BRD mehrere 100 Kinder pro Jahr aus dem gleichen Grund
sterben. Neben weiterer Forschung mit dem Ziel, das Ausmaß dieses
Problems auf nationaler Ebene darzustellen und die Rolle kausaler
Einflussfaktoren genauer zu beschreiben, muss diskutiert werden,
welche strukturellen Veränderungen in der Organisation
der Geburtshilfe sinnvoll sind, um die beobachtete Mortalitätsdifferenz
abbauen zu können.
Background and objective: There
are only few analyses from Germany on the impact of delivery unit
size on neonatal outcome. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the influence of delivery unit size on neonatal survival in Germany.
Patients and methods: Data from the
perinatal birth register for Hessen for 1990-2000 comprising
640554 births, and the Neonatal Survey for 1989-1997
in Hessen were used. Potentially avoidable deaths were assessed
according to delivery unit size and birth weight category. Additionally
trend analyses and an extrapolation to potentially avoidable deaths
in all of Germany were performed.
Results: Compared to large delivery
units, smaller ones showed higher risk adjusted mortality rates.
Calculation of potentially avoidable deaths gave an estimate of
257 early neonatal deaths in 11 years. Although trend analyses revealed
a decline of potentially avoidable deaths, an extrapolation of such
deaths for all of Germany still yielded an estimate of more than
300 potentially avoidable deaths per year using data from 1997-2000
only.
Conclusion: A valid inference as to
the magnitude of the observed effect remains even in the face of
a very cautious interpretation of our results. During the study
period of 11 years, more than 200 neonatal deaths could be attributed
to the fact that births in Hessen are dispersed among many small
hospitals. If this pattern of births in small units is common throughout Germany,
it suggests that several hundred neonatal deaths per year may be
attributed to this risk factor when extrapolating these results
nationally. Further research is necessary to describe the nation-wide
magnitude of this problem and to identify the role of underlying
causal risk factors more precisely. Additionally policy discussions
regarding structural changes in obstetrical care should be undertaken
in the meantime, aimed at reducing the observed mortality rates.
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G. Heller
Wissenschaftliches
Institut der AOK (WIdO)
Kortrijker Straße 1
53177 Bonn