Int J Sports Med 2003; 24(6): 419-423
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41173
Physiology & Biochemistry
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Resistance Training Improves Glycaemic Control in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Men

J.  C.  Baldi1 , N.  Snowling1
  • 1The University of Auckland, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Auckland, New Zealand
Further Information

Publication History

Accepted after revision: January 2, 2003

Publication Date:
07 August 2003 (online)

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether moderate intensity resistance training (RT) improves glycaemic control in obese, type 2 diabetic men. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to a 10-week RT program, or a non-training control group (C). Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting glucose and insulin, glucose and insulin 120 minutes (2h) after a 75 g oral glucose load, body composition and muscular strength and endurance were measured before and after the 10-week experimental period. In the RT group fasting glucose and insulin decreased with training (p < 0.05) and decreases in HbA1c approached significance (p = 0.057). 2-h glucose and insulin did not change in either group. Fat free mass (FFM) increased by 3.5 % after RT but was unchanged in the controls. Fat mass (FM) increased 6.9 % in C but was unchanged in RT. Percent body fat was unchanged in both groups. Muscular strength and endurance increased by 25 to 52 % in the RT group but was unchanged in controls. Changes in fasting glucose and HbA1c were inversely related to changes in FFM. These results suggest that RT is an effective form of exercise training which modestly improves glycaemic control and lowers fasting insulin levels in obese type 2 diabetics.

References

  • 1 American Diabetes Association . Diabetes mellitus and exercise.  Diabetes Care. 2002;  25 S64-S68
  • 2 Brožek J, Grande F, Anderson J, Keys A. Densitometric analysis of body composition: revision of some quantitative assumptions.  Annals of NY Acad Sci. 1963;  110 113-140
  • 3 Eriksson J, Taimela S, Eriksson K, Parvianen S, Peltonen J, Kujala U. Resistance training in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.  Int J Sports Med. 1997;  18 242-246
  • 4 Fidanza F, Keys A, Anderson J T. Density of body fat in man and other mammals.  J Appl Physiol. 1953;  6 252-256
  • 5 Golay A, Swislocki A LM, Chen Y-D I, Reaven G M. Relationships between plasma-free fatty acid concentration, endogenous glucose production, and fasting hyperglycaemia in normal and non-insulin-dependent diabetic individuals.  Metabolism. 1987;  36 692-696
  • 6 Goodyear L J, Kahn B B. Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity.  Annu Rev Med. 1998;  49 235-261
  • 7 Gutt M, Davis C L, Spitzer S B, Llabre M M, Kumar M, Czarnecki E M, Schneiderman N, Skyler J S, Marks J B. Validation of the insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120): comparison with other measures.  Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2000;  47 177-184
  • 8 Holloszy J O, Schultz J, Kusnierkiewicz J, Hagberg J M, Ehsani A A. Effects of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.  Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1986;  711 55-65
  • 9 Houmard J A, Shinebarger M H, Dolan P L, Leggett-Frazier N, Bruner R K, McCammon M R, Israel R G, Dohm G L. Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men.  Am J Physiol. 1993;  264 E896-E901
  • 10 Hurley B F, Hagberg J M, Goldberg A P, Seals D R, Ehsani A A, Brennan R E, Holloszy JO. Resistive training can reduce coronary risk factors without altering V˙O2max or percent body fat.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;  20 150-154
  • 11 Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sata T, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake.  Diabetes Care. 1998;  21 1353-1355
  • 12 Kahn S E, Larson V G, Beard J C, Cain K C, Fellingham G W, Schwartz R S, Veith R C, Stratton J R, Cerqueira M D, Abrass I B. Effect of exercise on insulin action, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in aging.  Am J Physiol. 1990;  258 E937-943
  • 13 Kohrt W M, Kirwan J P, Staten M A, Bourey R E, King D S, Holloszy J O. Insulin resistance in aging is related to abdominal obesity.  Diabetes. 1993;  42 273-281
  • 14 Lehmann R, Vokac A, Niedermann K, Agosti K, Spinas G A. Loss of abdominal fat and improvement of the cardiovascular risk profile by regular moderate exercise training in patients with NIDDM.  Diabetologia. 1995;  38 1313-1319
  • 15 Matthews D R, Hosker J P, Rudenski A S, Naylor B A, Treacher D F, Turner R C. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.  Diabetologia. 1985;  28 412-419
  • 16 McAuley K A, Williams S M, Mann J I, Goulding A, Chisholm A, Wilson N, Story G, McLay R T, Harper M J, Jones I E. Intensive lifestyle changes are necessary to improve insulin sensitivity.  Diabetes Care. 2002;  25 445-452
  • 17 Miller W J, Sherman W M, Ivy J L. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response.  Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1984;  16 539-543
  • 18 Mourier A, Gautier JF, DeKerviler E, Bigard A X, Villette JM, Garnier JP, Duvallet A, Guezennec C Y, Cathelineau G. Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM.  Diabetes Care. 1997;  20 385-391
  • 19 Nishida Y, Higaki Y, Tokuyama K, Fujimi K. Effect of mild exercise training on glucose effectiveness in healthy men.  Diabetes Care. 2001;  24 1008-1013
  • 20 Pan D A, Lillioja S, Kriketos A D, Milner M R, Baur L A, Bogardus C, Jenkins A B, Storlien L H. Skeletal muscle lipid composition is related to adiposity and insulin action.  J Clin Invest. 1995;  96 2802-2808
  • 21 Pate R R, Pratt M, Blair S N, Haskell W L, Macera C A, Bouchard C, Buchner D, Ettinger W, Heath G W, King A C, Kriska A, Leon A S, Marcus B H, Morris J, Paffenbarger R S, Patrick K, Pollock M L, Rippe J M, Sallis J, Wilmore J H. Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine.  JAMA. 1995;  273 402-407
  • 22 Roden M, Krssak M, Stingl H, Gruber S, Hofer A, Fürnsinn C, Moser E, Waldhäusl W. Rapid impairment of skeletal muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation by free fatty acids in humans.  Diabetes. 1999;  48 358-364
  • 23 Sato Y, Hayamizu S, Yamamoto C, Ohkuwa Y, Yamanouchi K, Sakamoto N. Improved insulin sensitivity in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after physical training.  Int J Sport Med. 1986;  7 307-310
  • 24 Seals D R, Hagberg J M, Hurley B F, Ehsani A A, Holloszy J O. Effects of endurance training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid levels in older men and women.  JAMA. 1984;  252 645-649
  • 25 Smutok M A, Reece C, Kokkinos P F, Farmer C, Dawson P, Shulman R, DeVane J, Patterson J, Goldberg A P, Hurley B F. Effects of exercise training modality on glucose tolerance in men with abnormal glucose regulation.  Int J Sports Med. 1994;  15 283-289
  • 26 United States of Department of Health and Human Services .Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta GA; US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 1996

J. C. Baldi

Department of Sport and Exercise Science · University of Auckland

Private Bag 92019 · Auckland · New Zealand ·

Phone: +64-9-373 7599 ext. 2975

Fax: +64-9-373 7043

Email: j.baldi@auckland.ac.nz

    >