Zusammenfassung
Die Hirnparenchym-Sonographie ist ein nicht invasives bildgebendes Verfahren, das
aufgrund seines eigenständigen physikalischen Prinzips die Ergebnisse konventioneller
bildgebender Untersuchungen des Gehirns erweitert. Bei Patienten mit idiopathischer
Parkinson-Krankheit (IPK) oder hereditärem Parkinsonismus infolge Parkin-Mutation findet sich eine charakteristische Vergrößerung des Schallechos (Hyperechogenität)
der Substantia nigra (SN), die bereits in präsymptomatischen Stadien nachweisbar ist
und künftig als präklinischer Risikomarker genutzt werden könnte. Als Ursache der
SN-Hyperechogenität werden erhöhte Konzentrationen von Eisen angenommen, das nicht
an Ferritin, sondern an alternative Proteine gebunden ist. Bei Patienten mit Multisystematrophie
(MSA) und progressiver supranuklärer Blickparese (PSP) liegt typischerweise eine normale
SN-Echogenität vor, während Patienten mit kortikobasaler Degeneration (CBD) und Demenz
bei diffuser Lewy-Körperchen-Krankheit (DLB) ebenfalls eine SN-Hyperechogenität aufweisen.
Die klinisch oft schwierige Differenzierung zwischen IPK und MSA/PSP bzw. zwischen
PSP und CBD wird über die Messung der SN-Echogenität bereits im Frühstadium erleichtert.
Weitere sonographische Befunde können zur Syndromdiskrimination beitragen. Eine abnorme
Hyperechogenität des Nucleus lentiformis ist nur bei einem Drittel der IPK- und DLB-Patienten
nachweisbar, jedoch bei etwa 80 % der MSA-, PSP- und CBD-Patienten. Für die PSP ist
eine Dilatation des dritten Ventrikels über 10 mm charakteristisch. Die Hirnparenchym-Sonographie
stellt ein neues Werkzeug zur Früh- und Differenzialdiagnostik von Parkinson-Syndromen
dar.
Abstract
Brain parenchyma sonography is a non-invasive imaging technique extending the results
of conventional imaging methods because of its different physical principle. In patients
with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) or with parkinsonism due to parkin mutation a highly characteristic enlargement of the ultrasound signal (hyperechogenicity)
of the substantia nigra (SN) can be detected that is already present in presymptomatic
stages and could be used in future as a preclinical risk marker. SN hyperechogenicity
is thought to be caused by increased amounts of iron bound to proteins other than
ferritin. In patients with multiple-system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear
palsy (PSP) typically a normoechogenic SN is found, whereas patients with corticobasal
degeneration (CBD) and dementia with diffuse Lewy bodies (DLB) also exhibit SN hyperechogenicity.
Clinical differentiation of IPD vs. MSA/PSP and of PSP vs. CBD, which is often difficult,
is supported already in early stages by measurement of SN echogenicity. Further sonographic
findings may improve syndrome discrimination. Abnormal lenticular-nucleus hyperechogenicity
is present only in one-third of IPD and DLB patients, but in about 80 % of MSA, PSP
and CBD patients. Third-ventricle dilatation exceeding 10 mm is characteristic for
PSP. Brain parenchyma sonography represents a new tool for early diagnosis and discrimination
of parkinsonian disorders.
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Dr. Uwe Walter
Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie · Universität Rostock
Gehlsheimer Straße 20
18147 Rostock
Email: uwe.walter@med.uni-rostock.de