Zusammenfassung
Gastrointestinale neuroendokrine Tumoren werden, in Abhängigkeit von dem Vorliegen
eines Hypersekretionssyndroms, als funktionell bzw. nichtfunktionell klassifiziert.
Die Diagnose funktioneller Vorderdarmtumoren erfordert den Nachweis der autonomen
Hormonsekretion. Zur Lokalisationsdiagnostik werden Ultraschall (US), Computertomographie
(CT), Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und Somatostatin-Rezeptor-Szintigraphie (SRS)
eingesetzt. Kleine Primärtumoren machen invasive Verfahren wie endoskopischen oder
intraoperativen US oder die intraoperative duodenale Transillumination erforderlich.
Bei lokalisierter Erkrankung ist die Operation die Therapie der Wahl. Ist die Erkrankung
ausgedehnt, kommen neben symptomatischen Therapien die Biotherapie und/oder eine Chemotherapie
in Betracht. In Einzelfällen können zytoreduktive und lokal ablative Verfahren wie
Embolisation, Chemoembolisation, Thermo- oder Kryoablation oder die Radio-Rezeptor-Therapie
indiziert sein.
Neuroendokrine Tumoren des Mitteldarms werden vor allem durch abdominelle Schmerzen
manifest. Die erhöhte Chromogranin-A-Plasma-Konzentration bzw. 5-Hydroxy-Indol-Essigsäure-Konzentration
im Urin bestätigen den Verdacht auf einen neuroendokrinen Tumor oder ein Karzinoidsyndrom.
Die bildgebende Diagnostik erfolgt mittels abdominellem US, CT, MRT und SRS. Die operative
Therapie ist selten kurativ, kann jedoch die Überlebenszeit verlängern. Die Biotherapie
ermöglicht eine symptomatische Therapie, ihre antiproliferativen Effekte sind gering.
Chemotherapeutische Ansätze sind häufig nur bei Vorderdarmtumoren erfolgreich. Somit
treten andere zytoreduktive Verfahren (Chemoembolisation, Thermo- oder Kryoablation,
palliative operative Therapie von Lebermetastasen) und die Radio-Rezeptor-Therapie
zunehmend in den Vordergrund, auch wenn die Datenlage noch keine abschließende Beurteilung
der Effektivität dieser Therapien erlaubt.
Abstract
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours are classified as functioning or non-functioning
according to the presence or absence of a clinically evident hypersecretion syndrome.
In foregut tumours the presence of autonomous hormone secretion and the respective
hypersecretion syndrome indicate functionality. Abdominal ultrasound (US), computed
tomography (CT), magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy
(SRS) are used for localisation of the primary tumour and metastasis. Invasive procedures
such as endoscopic US, intraoperative US or intraoperative duodenal transillumination
are useful to localise small (< 1 cm) tumours. For localised tumours surgery is the
first line treatment. In metastatic disease symptomatic therapy, biotherapy and chemotherapy
are available. Cytoreductive therapy such as embolisation, chemoembolisation, thermo-
or cryotherapy, or radio-receptor therapy are additional options. The first symptom
of most neuroendocrine midgut tumours is abdominal pain. An increased chromogranin-A
plasma concentration or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 24-h urinary excretion indicates
the neuroendocrine origin of the tumour or the possibility of a carcinoid syndrome,
respectively. Surgical therapy prolongs survival but is rarely curative. Biotherapy
is effective as symptomatic therapy. However, its cytoreductive potency is low. Chemotherapy
is less effective in midgut tumours compared to foregut tumours. Cytoreductive strategies
(chemoembolisaton, thermo- or cryotherapy, cytoreductive surgery) and radio-receptor
therapy may offer new therapeutic options. However, their definitive value has yet
to be defined.
Schlüsselwörter
Gastrointestinale neuroendokrine Tumoren - Gastrinom - Insulinom - nichtfunktioneller
neuroendokriner Tumor - Karzinoidsyndrom - Biotherapie - Chemotherapie
Key words
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours - gastrinoma - insulinoma - non-functioning
neuroendocrine tumour - carcinoid syndrome - biotherapy - chemotherapy
Literatur
1
Modlin I N, Sandor A.
An Analysis of 8305 Cases of Carcinoid Tumors.
Cancer.
1997;
79
813-829
2
Moertel C G.
An Odyssey in the Land of Small Tumors.
J Clin Oncology.
1987;
5
1503-1522
3
Perry R R, Vinik A I.
Clinical review: Diagnosis and management of functioning islet cell tumors.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1995;
80
2273-2278
4
Smith S L, Branton S A, Avino A J. et al .
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide secreting islet cell tumors: A 15-year experience
and review of the literature.
Surgery.
1998;
124
1050
5
Wermers R A, Fatourechi V, Kvols L K.
Clinical spectrum of hyperglucagonemia associated with malignant neuroendocrine tumors.
Mayo Clin Proc.
1996;
71
1030-1038
6
Smith A P, Doolas A, Staren E D.
Rapid resolution of necrolytic migratory erythema after glucagonoma resection.
J Surg Oncol.
1996;
61
306-309
7
Angeletti S, Corleto V D, Schillaci O. et al .
Use of the somatostatin analogue octreotide to localise and manage somatostatin-producing
tumours.
Gut.
1998;
42
792-794
8
Friesen S R.
Update on the diagnosis and treatment of rare neuroendocrine tumours.
Surg Clin North Am.
1987;
67
379-393
9
Zimmer T, Scherubl H, Faiss S. et al .
Endoscopic ultrasonography of neuroendocrine tumours.
Digestion.
2000;
62 (Suppl 1)
45-50
10 Jensen R T. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrom. Doherty GM, Skögseid B Surgical Endocrinology
Philadelphia; Lippincott Willliams & Wilkins 2001: 291-344
11
Li M L, Norton J A.
Gastrinoma.
Current Treatment Options Oncol.
2001;
2
337-346
12 Goldfinger S E. Management and prognosis of the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Gastrinoma). UpToDate,
Rose BD Wellesley, MA 2003: 461-478
13 Lehnert H, Becker W, Dralle H. et al .Neuroendokrine Tumore des Gastrointestinaltrakts. Lehnert
H Rationelle Diagnostik und Therapie in Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel.
2. Auflage Stuttgart; Georg Thieme Verlag 2003
14
Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Bachellier P. et al .
Hepatic metastases of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: safe hepatic surgery.
World J Surg.
2001;
25
689-692
15
McEntee G P, Nagorney D M, Kvols L K. et al .
Cytoreductive hepatic surgery for neuroendocrine tumors.
Surgery.
1990;
108
1091
16
Pape U F, Böhmig M, Berndt U. et al .
Survival and clinical outcome of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic
tract in a german referral center.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
2004;
1014
222-233
17
Evans D B, Skibber J M, Lee J E. et al .
Nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas.
Surgery.
1993;
114
1175-1182
18 Wiedenmann B, Plöckinger U. Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Peckham
M, Pinedo H, Veronesi U Oxford Textbook of Oncology. Endocrine Tumours Oxford/New
York/Tokyo; Oxford University Press 1999 19: 2819-2833
19
Pellikka P A, Tajik A J, Khandheria B K. et al .
Carcinoid Heart Disease: Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients.
Circulation.
1993;
87
1188-1196
20
Dingerkus H, Voller H, Schröder K. et al .
Endokardfibrose bei neuroendokrinen Tumoren des gastroenteropankreatischen Systems.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
1994;
119
647-652
21 Plöckinger U, Wiedenmann B. Systemic Therapy for Metastatic or Residual Extrapancreatic
Neuroendocrine Tumors. Doherty GM, Skögseid B Surgical Endocrinology Philadelphia;
Lippincott Willliams & Wilkins 2001: 461-478
22
O’Toole D, Ducreux M, Bommelaer G. et al .
Treatment of carcinoid syndrome. A prospective crossover evaluation of lanreotide
versus octreotide in terms of efficacy, patient acceptability, and tolerance.
Cancer.
2000;
88
770-776
23
Aparicio T, Bucreux M, Baudin E. et al .
Antitumor activity of somatostatin analogues in progressive metastatic neuroendocrine
tumours.
Eur J Cancer.
2001;
37
1014-1019
24
Faiss S, Pape U F, Böhmig M. et al .
Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial on the antiproliferative effect of lancreotide,
interferon-alfa, and their combination for therapy of metastatic neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic
tumors - The International Lanreotide and Interferon-alfa Study Group.
J Clin Oncol.
2003;
21
2689-2696
25
Hejna M, Schmidinger M, Raderer M.
The clinical role of somatostatin analogues as antineoplastic agents: much ado about
nothing?.
Ann Oncol.
2002;
13
653-668
26 Quabbe H J, Plöckinger U. Treatment of acromegaly with long-acting somatostatin
analogues. von Werder K, Fahlbusch R Pituitary adenomas. From basic research to diagnosis
and therapy Lausanne; Elsevier Science 1996: 31-41
27
Plöckinger U, Dienemann D, Quabbe H J.
Gastrointestinal side-effects of octreotide during long-term treatment of acromegaly.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1990;
71
1658-1662
28
Detjen K M, Kehrberger J P, Drost A. et al .
Interferon-α inhibits growth of human neuroendocrine carcinoma cells via induction
of apoptosis.
Int J Oncol.
2002;
21
1133-1140
29
Öberg K.
Interferon in the management of neuroendocrine GEP tumors.
Digestion.
2000;
62 (suppl 1)
92-97
30
Öberg K.
Endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: systemic treatment.
Anticancer drugs.
1994;
5
503-519
31
Moertel C G, Lefkopoulo M, Lipsitz S. et al .
Streptozocin-doxorubicin, streptozocin-fluorouracil or chlorozotocin in the treatment
of advanced islet-cell carcinoma.
N Engl J Med.
1992;
326
519
32
Ritzel U, Leonhardt U, Stockmann F. et al .
Treatment of metastasized midgut carcinoids with dacarbazine.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1995;
90
627-631
33
Moertel C G, Kvols L K, O’Connell M J. et al .
Treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined etoposid and cisplatin. Evidence
of major therapeutic activity in the anaplastic variants of these neoplasms.
Cancer.
1991;
68
227-232
34
Mitry E, Baudin E, Ducreaux M. et al .
Treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with etoposide and cisplatin.
Br J Cancer.
2000;
81
1351-1355
35
Öberg K.
State of the art and future prospects in the management of neuroendocrine tumors.
Q J Int Med.
2000;
44
3-12
36
Hellman P, Ladjevardi S, Skkogseid B. et al .
Radiofrequency tissue ablation using cooled tip for liver metastases of endocrine
tumors.
World J Surg.
2002;
26
1052-1056
37
Berber E, Flesher N, Siperstein A.
Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of neuroendocrine liver metastases.
Worl J Surg.
2002;
26
985-990
38
Siperstein A E, Berber E.
Cryoablation, percutaneous alcohol injection, and radiofrequency ablation for treatment
of neureocendocrine liver metastases.
World J Surg.
2001;
25
693-696
PD Dr. med. Ursula Plöckinger
Interdisziplinäres Stoffwechsel-Centrum
Medizinische Klinik m. S. Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie
Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum
Augustenburger Platz 1
13353 Berlin
eMail: ursula.ploeckinger@charite.de