Zusammenfassung
Vor dem Hintergrund der sprunghaft angestiegenen Popularität achtsamkeitsbasierter
Interventionen wird dargestellt: 1. Wie Achtsamkeit definiert und konzeptualisiert
werden kann, 2. Wie Achtsamkeit zurzeit psychotherapeutisch genutzt wird, 3. Wie effektiv
achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen sind und 4. Welche Wirkmechanismen für diese Effekte
verantwortlich sein könnten. Die aktuelle Befundlage spricht dafür, dass Achtsamkeit
als ein multidimensionales Konstrukt gesehen werden kann, das den Kern oder zumindest
eine wichtige Komponente bei einer Reihe von Interventionsformen darstellt, welche
sich bei der Behandlung von unterschiedlichen Problemen und Störungsbildern als effektiv
erwiesen haben. In Bezug auf die Wirkmechanismen lässt sich vermuten, dass vor allem
in der Steigerung der Akzeptanz- und Toleranzkompetenzen bei den Patienten eine wichtige
spezifische Wirkung dieser Ansätze gesehen werden kann. Zukünftige Forschung sollte
versuchen zu klären, für welche Patienten diese Kompetenzen besonders wichtig sind,
und wie man sie bei den Patienten trainieren kann, die für achtsamkeitsorientierte
Ansätze weniger offen sind.
Abstract
With mindfulness-based interventions becoming increasingly popular this review outlines:
1. How mindfulness is defined and conceptualized, 2. How mindfulness is applied in
psychotherapy, 3. How effective mindfulness-based interventions are and 4. How the
effectiveness of these methods might be explained. Findings show that mindfulness
can be seen as a multidimensional concept which is the core or an important component
of several psychotherapeutical methods that have been shown to be effective in the
treatment of different psychological problems and disorders. With regard to possible
mechanisms of change it is argued that enhancing patients' skills to accept and tolerate
aversive experiences can be seen as a specific and important effect of these approaches.
Future research should try to clarify for whom these skills are particularly important,
and how these skills can be taught to patients who are less open for mindfulness-based
approaches.
Key words
mindfulness - psychotherapy - treatment-outcome - effectiveness - review
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