Die derzeitig beste Theorie über die Entstehung einer Dyspnoe ist die Dissoziation
zwischen dem Atemantrieb und der afferenten Rückmeldung über den Erfolg dieser Atemstimulation.
Sauerstoffmangel für sich alleine führt nicht zu Atemnot - eines der Kardinalsymptome
der meisten bronchopulmonalen Krankheiten. Doch trotz der vielfältigen Differenzialdiagnosen
gelingt es in der Regel bereits mit der Anamnese und mit wenigen technischen Untersuchungen
der endgültigen Diagnose sehr nahe zu kommen. Bei einer Belastungsdyspnoe ohne weitere
relevante Begleitsymptome beispielsweise kann ein Lungenemphysem, eine idiopathische
pulmonalarterielle Hypertonie oder eine Schwäche der Atemmuskulatur zugrunde liegen.
Besonders bei den obstruktiven Atemwegskrankheiten und dem Lungenemphysem spielt die
Überblähung der Lunge mit der Folge einer verminderten inspiratorischen Kapazität
(IC) bei der Abschätzung einer Dyspnoe eine wesentlich größere Rolle als das Einsekundenvolumen
bei forcierter Exspiration (FEV1). Wenn es nicht gelingt, die Dyspnoe durch die Therapie
der Grundkrankheit zu lindern, kommen unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen eine Behandlung
mit Sauerstoff, ein Belastungstraining oder auch Opiate infrage.
The currently best theory on the development of dyspnoea is that there is dissociation
between the respiratory drive and the relevant afferent feedback. A lack of oxygen
alone does not lead to respiratory distress, one of the cardinal symptoms of most
bronchopulmonary diseases. Despite the diversity of differential diagnoses, the case
history and a few technical examinations usually suffice to come very close to the
final diagnosis. In the case of dyspnoea of exertion with no further relevant symptoms,
for example, the underlying problem may be pulmonary emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary
hypertension, or a weakness of the respiratory muscles. In obstructive airway disease
and pulmonary emphysema, overinflation of the lungs resulting in a reduction in the
inspiratory capacity (IC) has a much greater role to play in dyspnoea than the forced
expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). If treatment of the underlying disease fails
to ameliorate the dyspnoea, treatment with oxygen, exercise training or the use of
opiates may be considered.
Key Words
dyspnoea - airway disease - pulmonary emphysema - pulmonary hypertension - chronic
obstructive bronchitis - inspiratory capacity - FEV1
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Anschrift für die Verfasser
Prof. Dr. R. Dierkesmann
Klinik Schillerhöhe
Solitudestr. 18
70839 Gerlingen