Zusammenfassung
Die retroperitoneale Fibrose (RPF) ist eine entzündlich-fibrosierende Erkrankung des
hinteren Bauchraumes. Mit einer Prävalenz von 1 - 2/200 000 gehört sie zu den seltenen
Erkrankungen. Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie gibt es bis dato nicht. Unbehandelt
kann die Erkrankung zum Tode führen. Seit Anfang 2006 koordiniert die Klinik für Urologie
im HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal den Aufbau eines bundesweiten Patientenregisters als
Vorbereitung für prospektive Therapiestudien und die Erstellung von Diagnoseempfehlungen.
Die Ätiologie der RPF ist weitgehend ungeklärt. RPF-Patienten weisen teilweise Erkrankungen
aus dem autoimmunen Formenkreis auf. Ein autoimmunes Geschehen als Krankheitsursache
wird vermutet. Der Nachweis von Autoantikörpern und die histologische Ähnlichkeit
zu Vaskulitiden unterstützen diese These. Neben Allgemeinsymptomen zeigen die Patienten
im Krankheitsverlauf lokalisierte Symptome (Flankenschmerzen, Beinödeme, abdominelle
Beschwerden), bedingt durch die verdrängende Wirkung der fibrotischen Plaques. Laborchemisch
fallen eine erhöhte Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit, erhöhtes C-reaktives Protein und
ggf. eine moderate Anämie auf. Differenzialdiagnostisch sollten Malignome histologisch
ausgeschlossen werden. In der Bildgebung (i. v.-Urogramm, CT, MRT) findet man eine
retroperitoneale Raumforderung, die die großen Gefäße sowie die Harnleiter ganz oder
teilweise ummauert, komprimiert und verdrängt. Therapeutisch muss die Funktion der
betroffenen Hohlorgane durch Stents bzw. Harnleiterschienen wiederhergestellt werden,
gefolgt von einer immunsuppressiven Therapie. Führt diese nicht zu einem dauerhaften
Erfolg, stehen operative Verfahren zum Schutz der Harnleiter vor Kompression zur Verfügung.
Ggf. wird ein Harnleiterersatz oder eine Autotransplantation der Niere erforderlich.
Aufgrund des chronisch rezidivierenden Verlaufs ist oftmals eine lebenslange Nachsorge
angezeigt. Einer fachübergreifenden und überregionalen Kooperation kommt bei der weiteren
Erforschung der Erkrankung hohe Bedeutung zu.
Abstract
Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is characterised by inflammatory fibrotic processes
affecting the retroperitoneal structures. Its prevalence of 1 - 2/200 000 makes it
a rare disease. To date, there are no guidelines for the diagnosis of or therapy for
the disease. If untreated, the disease may be fatal. In 2006, the Department of Urology
of the HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal undertook to establish a nationwide patient registry,
which would facilitate prospective therapy trials and the drafting of recommendations
for diagnostic procedures. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear. Since
some RPF-patients present with associated autoimmune diseases, autoimmune processes
are suspected to play a role in causing the disease. The presence of autoantibodies
and histological similarities with vasculitis support this hypothesis. Following initial
general symptoms, patients display localised symptoms (flank pain, leg oedema, abdominal
discomfort), caused by the displacing effect of the fibrotic plaques. Laboratory tests
show elevated ESR and C-reactive protein and in some cases a moderate anaemia. Histological
examinations should be undertaken to rule out the presence of malignant tumours. Radiological
diagnostics (excretory urography, CT, MRI) show a retroperitoneal mass which blocks,
compresses and displaces, completely or in part, the large vessels and the ureter.
Initial therapy aims at restoring the function of the affected hollow organs through
the application of (ureteric) stents, followed by immunosuppressive therapy. If drug
therapy is unsuccessful, surgical procedures will follow to protect the ureter from
compression. In some cases, ureteral replacement or an autotransplant of the kidney
may be necessary. Life-long observation of the patients is necessary, as the disease
may be chronic and relapsing. Interdisciplinary and nationwide cooperation is of crucial
importance to further investigate this disease.
Schlüsselwörter
Retroperitoneale Fibrose - Morbus Ormond - Autoimmunerkrankungen - Retroperitoneum
- entzündliches Bauchaortenaneurysma - Immunsuppressiva
Key words
Retroperitoneal fibrosis - Ormond’s disease - autoimmune disorders - retroperitoneum
- inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm - immunosuppressive drugs
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