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DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-963649
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Achalasie im Kindesalter: Eine separate Entität?
Childhood Achalasia: A Separate Entity?Publication History
Manuskript eingetroffen: 12.7.2007
Manuskript akzeptiert: 8.10.2007
Publication Date:
13 December 2007 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die Achalasie im Kindesalter ist selten. Auch ist die Ätiologie und Pathogenese eines frühen Beginns der Erkrankung weitestgehend ungeklärt. Über die neuropathologischen Veränderungen der ösophagealen Wandstrukturen bei der nicht hereditären, sporadischen Achalasie bei Kindern sowie deren Differenzierung von Erwachsenen ist wenig bekannt. Ziel unserer Studie war die Untersuchung der morphologischen Eigenschaften der Hochdruckzone des unteren Ösophagussphinkters bei Kindern, bei denen eine Heller-Myotomie wegen einer Achalasie durchgeführt wurde, sowie deren Vergleich mit den pathologischen Befunden bei Erwachsenen. Methodik: Muskelbiopsien der glatten Muskulatur eines 20 × 10 mm langen Segments des Plexus myentericus des distalen Ösophagus (untere Begrenzung der ösophagealen Inzision der Myotomie) wurden für histopathologische und immunhistochemische Untersuchungen entnommen. Ergebnisse:Eine herausragende histomorphologische Eigenschaft war die deutliche Reduktion der myenterischen Ganglienzellen bis zur kompletten Agangliose der Hochdruckzone des unteren Ösophagussphinkters. Im Gegensatz zur Achalasie bei Erwachsenen fand sich eine nervale Inflammation nur selten. Eine ausgeprägte Fibrose der glatten Muskelschichten fand sich bei allen Patienten, während eine muskuläre Hypertrophie oder eine viszerale Myopathie nicht vorlag. Die interstitiellen Cajal-Zellen waren reduziert, vergleichbar zu den Erwachsenen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Variabilität der klinischen und pathologischen Eigenschaften bei der Achalasie im Kindesalter deutet auf ein komplexes Muster verschiedener Ätiologien und der Vergleich zu Erwachsenen lässt nicht prinzipiell auf eine separate Entität schließen. Die vorliegenden Befunde sind vereinbar mit den histopathologischen Ergebnissen bei der hereditären Achalasie bei Kindern, wie beim Allgrove-Syndrom beschrieben.
Abstract
Background: Achalasia in childhood is rare, also the etiology and the pathogenesis of the early onset ort he disease is practically unknown. Little is known about the neuropathological changes in structure of the esophageal wall in non-heriditary, sporadic achalasia in children and ist differentiation to that in adults. The aim of our study was to examine the morphological properties or high-pressure zone of the lower esophageal sphincter in children who had undergone a Heller myotomy because of achalasia as well as to compare them with the pathological findings in adults. Methods: Muscle biopsies of the smooth musculature, a 20 × 10 mm long segment of the myenteric of the distal esophagus (lower boundary of the esophageal incision of the myotomy), were taken for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: A conspicuous histomorphological finding was a marked reduction of the myenteric gangion through to complete agangliosis of the high-pressure zone of the lower esophageal sphincter. In contrast to achalasia in adults, neural inflammation was found only rarely. A pronounced fibrosis of the smooth muscle layers was found in all patients whereas muscular hypertrophy or visceral myopathy was not present. The interstitial Cajal cells were reduced, similar to those in adults. Conclusions: The variability of the clinical and pathological properties in cases of childhood achalasia are indicative of a complex pattern of varying etiologies and a comparison with the disease in adults does not, in principle, allow the assumption of a separate clinical entity. The present findings are compatible with the histopathological results of hereditary achalasia in children as described for Allgrove’s syndrome.
Schlüsselwörter
Achalasie im Kindesalter - Plexus myentericus - neuropathologische Befunde
Key words
achalasia in childhood - myenteric plexus - neuropathological findings
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Dr. med. habil. Ines Gockel
Klinik für Allgemein- und Abdominalchirurgie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Langenbeckstr. 1
55131 Mainz
Phone: ++ 49/61 31/17 72 91
Fax: ++ 49/61 31/17 66 30
Email: gockel@ach.klinik.uni-mainz.de