Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Das hereditäre Angioödem (HAE) ist eine seltene Erkrankung. Charakteristisch sind
rezidivierende Ödeme der Haut, des Gastrointestinaltraktes und des Larynx. Das Larynxödem
kann lebensbedrohlich sein.
Methode: In dieser Studie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Auftreten einer laryngealen Schwellung
mit Stridor und dem hereditären Angioödem untersucht. Es wurden in den letzten 4 Jahren
102 Patienten mit Obstruktion der oberen Atemwege aufgrund eines Larynxödems behandelt,
jedoch nur ein Patient hatte ein HAE. Die Diagnose stützte sich auf die klinische Untersuchung und
Laboruntersuchungen.
Ergebnisse: Die häufigste Ursache für laryngeale Schwellungen (63 %) stellen postradiogene Ödeme
sowie ACE-Hemmer-induzierte Ödeme dar. In 22 % der Fälle ist eine allergische Genese
vorhanden. Alle Patienten konnten erfolgreich mit Steroiden und Antihistaminika therapiert
werden, außer der Patient mit dem HAE. Aufgrund der anhaltenden Larynxschwellung musste
eine lebensrettende Koniotomie erfolgen. Schlussfolgerung: Fast alle Patienten mit Larynxödem sprechen auf eine Therapie mit Steroiden und Antihistaminika
an. Nur beim HAE kann alleine die Gabe eines C1-Esterase-Inhibitors die Schwellung
mindern. Es ist entscheidend zu erkennen, ob ein Larynxödem aufgrund eines HAE bestehen
könnte. In diesem Fall ist eine sofortige Therapie mit C1-Esterase-Inhibitor und die
frühzeitige Schutzintubation zu veranlassen.
Abstract
Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is extremely rare and clinically characterized by recurrent
and self-limiting skin, intestinal and life threatening laryngeal edema. Because of
the danger of asphyxiation, it is vital that acute attacks of laryngeal edema be interrupted
immediately. The aim of this study is to provide information on the incidence, diagnosis
and treatment of laryngeal edema with upper airway obstruction in general and due
to HAE. Methods: 102 patients with swelling of the larynx and difficulty in breathing (stridor) and
21 patients with a manifest HAE were surveyed at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
Head and Neck Surgery of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich from 2001 to
2004. Results: 63 % of the laryngeal swellings with airway obstruction were due to radiotherapy
in cancer and the intake of ACE-Inhibitors. Just 22 % were due to allergic reactions.
Only one patient (< 1 %) suffered from HAE. All patients were treated with intravenous
steroids and anti-histamines successfully, except the HAE patient. After emergency
coniotomy the patient was treated with purified C1 inhibitor concentrate (C1-INH).
Conclusions: According to our experience almost all patients with laryngeal swelling and upper
airway obstruction react well to the standard therapy with steroids and anti-histamines.
In contrast these drugs have no effect on HAE. Replacement therapy with C1-INH has
proved to be effective. The challenge is to realize whether an airway obstruction
is due to HAE or not. In this case, careful observation, the right medication and
an appropriate airway management are lifesaving. The possibility of sudden airway
obstruction and asphyxiation must be discussed with these patients and their relatives.
Schlüsselwörter
hereditäres angioneurotisches Ödem - Angioödem - Quincke-Ödem - Larynxschwellung -
Asphyxie - C1-Esteraseinhibitor - C1-INH
Key words
hereditary angioedema - quincke's edema - laryngeal edema - asphyxia - c1 inhibitor
- sudden upper airway obstruction
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Dr. med. Klaus Stelter
Klinikum Großhadern
Marchioninistraße 15
81377 München
Email: Klaus.stelter@med.uni-muenchen.de