Zusammenfassung
Therapeutische Antikörper gegen TNF-α sind eine bedeutende Innovation in der Behandlung
des komplizierten Morbus Crohn. Neben dem chimären Infliximab gibt es mit Adalimumab
und Certolizumab-Pegol zwei weitere Antikörper. Die drei Antikörper zeigen einen schnellen
Wirkeintritt, wobei zwei Drittel der Patienten mit refraktärem Morbus Crohn eine intiale
Besserung zeigen und nur 20 - 30 % der Patienten langfristig in Remission gehalten
werden können. Verschluss aktiver Fisteln und die Reduktion einer chronischen Glucocorticoidmedikation
weitere weitere wichtige Indikationen zur Anti-TNF-α-Therapie. Der Einsatz der Anti-TNF-α-Therapie
sollte langfristig und als chronische Gabe über Jahre geplant werden. Die Antikörper
erkennen unterschiedliche Epitope, haben aber ein überlappendes Wirkspektrum. Versagt
einer, kann ein anderer (insbesondere bei Wirkungsverlust nach anfänglichem Therapieerfolg)
durchaus noch Wirkung zeigen. Ein Einsatz der neueren Anti-TNF-α-Antikörper ohne Komedikation
mit Azathiopin ist möglich. Schwere Nebenwirkungen, wie ein erhöhtes Infektions- und
Krebsrisiko sind ein Klasseneffekt und eng mit dem Wirkmechanismus verbunden. Der
Therapieerfolg überwiegt allerdings das Nebenwirkungsrisiko bei richtiger Auswahl
der Patienten. Ein Tuberkulose-Screening muss vor jeder immunsuppressiven Therapie
insbesondere aber von einer Anti-TNF-α-Therapie erfolgen. Das Vorliegen eines Abzesses
muss ausgeschlossen werden. Symptome eventueller infektiöser Komplikationen Anlass
zu einer frühen diagnostischen Abklärung sein. Patienten sollten im Rahmen von Registern
dokumentiert werden. Leitlinien des Kompetenznetztes „Darmerkrankungen” und der DGVS
zur Behandlung der CED erläutern des Einsatz von Anti-TNF-α-Medikamenten im Detail.
Summary
Therapeutic antibodies against TNF-α are an important therapeutic innovation in recent
years in treating complicated CrohnŽs disease. Chimeric infliximab fully human produced
Adalimumab and Certolizumab-Pegol, a humanized, PEGylated anti-TNF-α antibody FabŽfragment,
are therapeutic antibodies against TNF. All three antibodies have a rapid onset of
action, with two thirds of the patients with refractory CrohnŽs disease showing an
initial clinical response to the anti-TNFa treatment and only 20 - 30 % develops a
lasting remission. Clinical benefits include closure of draining fistulas and reduction
of chronic glucocorticoid medication. When considering an anti TNF-α therapy a long
term strategy is needed and a systematic maintenance treatment should be developed.
The antibodies recognize different epitopes but have a complementary mode of action.
Does one antibody fail, especially after an initial clinical response, a second antibody
can still show an effect. More recent anti TNF-α antibodies can be applied without
an azathioprine comedication. Severe side effects like an increase risk of infection
and malignancies are a class effect and closely linked to the mode of action. When
patients are properly selected, the clinical benefit outweighs the side effects. Before
starting an immunosuppressive therapy or an anti-TNF-α therapy screening for latent
tuberculosis is mandatory. An abscess has to be excluded. Due to the high risk of
infection any symptoms which might be a sign of complications during therapy should
result in a thorough diagnostic examination. Patients should be documentated in registries.
Schlüsselwörter
Anti-TNF-α-Behandlung - Induktions- und Erhaltungstherapie - Sicherheitsprofil - Therapiekonzepte
Key words
anti-TNF-α-treatment - induction and maintenance therapy - safety profile - therapeutic
concepts
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Prof. Dr. Stefan Schreiber
Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie,
Christian-Albrechts-Universität Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein
Schittenhelmstraße 12
24105 Kiel
Telefon: 0431/5972350
eMail: s.schreiber@mucosa.de