Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis may give a hint for elevated cardiovascular event risk in
asymptomatic persons. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, CT may allow for fast
and reliable exclusion of coronary artery disease. Patients with stable angina tend
to have extensive calcified lesions in their coronary arteries. The hemodynamic relevance
of them may often be determined by exercise tests only. While CT may be a valuable
tool in patients with atypical complaints and without know coronary artery disease,
follow up in patients with stents or bypasses should better be approached by exercise
tests. When reporting, it should be looked after coronary aneurysms and fistulas as
well.
Zusammenfassung
Bei asymptomatischen Personen ist das Ausmaß der koronaren Atherosklerose ein Hinweis
auf ein erhöhtes kardiovaskuläres Risiko. Beim akuten Koronarsyndrom dient die CT
dem schnellen und sicheren Ausschluss einer koronaren Makroangiopathie. Patienten
mit einer stabilen Angina pectoris haben häufiger verkalkte atherosklerotische Läsionen,
die eine Beurteilung in Hinblick auf Stenosen erschweren. Die hämodynamische Relevanz
dieser Läsionen kann nur im Zusammenhang mit einer Belastungsuntersuchung adäquat
abgeschätzt werden. Während bei Patienten mit atypischen Beschwerden ohne vorbekannte
koronare Herzkrankheit eine CT sinnvoll sein kann, sollten Patienten mit Stents oder
Bypassgefäßen eher durch eine Belastungsuntersuchung nachuntersucht werden. Bei der
Beurteilung ist auch auf Aneurysmen und Fisteln der Koronargefäße zu achten.
Keywords
Coronary CT angiography - coronary atherosclerosis - coronary artery disease - acute
coronary syndrome - chronic stable angia - exercise test
Kernaussagen
Die Beurteilung der Koronargefäße muss in jedem Fall im Zusammenhang mit der Klinik
des Patienten gesehen werden. Daher ist eine entsprechende Anamnese unabdingbar.
Häufig ist die Kombination aus CT und Belastungsuntersuchung sinnvoll, um eine koronare
Herzerkrankung adäquat zu beurteilen.
Literatur
1
Stary H C, Chandler A B, Glagov S. et al .
A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis.
A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis,
American Heart Association.
Circulation.
1994;
89
2462-2478
2
Pasterkamp G, Falk E, Woutman H, Borst C.
Techniques characterizing the coronary atherosclerotic plaque: influence on clinical
decision making?.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2000;
36
13-21
3
Virmani R, Kolodgie F D, Burke A P, Frab A, Schwartz S M.
Lessons from sudden coronary death. A comprehensive morphological classification scheme
for atherosclerotic lesions.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
2000;
20
1262-1275
4
Stary H C.
The development of calcium deposits in atherosclerotic lesions and their persistence
after lipid regression.
Am J Cardiol.
2001;
88
16E-19E
5
Wilson P W, D’Agostino R B, Levy D. et al .
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories.
Circulation.
1998;
97
1837-1847
6
Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H.
Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the
10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study.
Circulation.
2002;
105
310-315
7
Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen S P, Doherty T M, Detrano R C.
Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in
asymptomatic individuals.
JAMA.
2004;
291
210-215
8
Agatston A S, Janowitz W R, Hildner F J. et al .
Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
1990;
15
827-832
9
Callister T Q, Cooil B, Raya S P. et al .
Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam
CT volumetric method.
Radiology.
1998;
208
807-814
10
McCollough C H, Ulzheimer S, Halliburton S S. et al .
Coronary artery calcium: a multi-institutional, multimanufacturer international standard
for quantification at cardiac CT.
Radiology.
2007;
243
527-538
11
Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Fischbach R. et al .
Reproducibility of coronary calcium quantification in repeat examinations with retrospectively
ECG-gated multisection spiral CT.
Eur Radiol.
2002;
12
1532-1540
12
Hamm C W.
Guidelines: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS). II: Acute coronary syndrome with ST-elevation.
Z Kardiol.
2004;
93
324-341
13
Achenbach S, Moselewski F, Ropers D. et al .
Detection of calcified and noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque by contrast-enhanced,
submillimeter multidetector spiral computed tomography: a segment-based comparison
with intravascular ultrasound.
Circulation.
2004;
109
14-17
14
Estes J, Quist W, Lo Gerfo F, Costello P.
Noninvasive characterization of plaque morphology using helical computed tomography.
J Cardiovasc Surg.
1998;
39
527-534
15
Raff G L, Gallagher M J, O’Neill W W, Goldstein J A.
Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral computed
tomography.
JAmCollCardiol.
2005;
46
552-557
16
Janne d'Othee B, Siebert U, Cury R. et al .
A systematic review on diagnostic accuracy of CT-based detection of significant coronary
artery disease.
Eur J Radiol.
2008;
65
449-461
17
Karnath B, Holden M, Hussain N.
Chest pain: differentiating cardiac from noncardiac causes.
Hospital Physician.
2004;
38
24-27
18
Gallagher M J, Raff G L.
Use of multislice CT for the evaluation of emergency room patients with chest pain:
the so-called “triple rule-out”.
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv.
2008;
71
92-99
19
Sun Z, Davidson R, Lin C H.
Multi-detector row CT angiography in the assessment of coronary in-stent restenosis:
A systematic review.
Eur J Radiol.
2007;
25 [Epub ahead of print]
20
Crusco F, Antoniella A, Papa V, Menzano R, Giovagnoni A.
Evidence based medicine: role of multidetector CT in the follow-up of patients receiving
coronary artery bypass graft.
La Radiologia medica.
2007;
112
509-525
21
Enzweiler C N, Wiese T H, Petersein J. et al .
Diameter changes of occluded venous coronary artery bypass grafts in electron beam
tomography: preliminary findings.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg.
2003;
23
347-353
22
Aviram G, Sharony R, Kramer A. et al .
Modification of surgical planning based on cardiac multidetector computed tomography
in reoperative heart surgery.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2005;
79
589-595
23
Nikolaou K, Sanz J, Poon M. et al .
Assessment of myocardial perfusion and viability from routine contrast-enhanced 16-detector-row
computed tomography of the heart: preliminary results.
Eur Radiol.
2005;
15
864-871
Dr. med. Christoph Becker
Institut für Klinische Radiologie Klinikum der Universität München Standort Großhadern
Marchioninistr. 15 81377 München
Telefon: 089 7095-3620
Fax: 089 7095-8832
eMail: christoph.becker@med.uni-muenchen.de