Thromb Haemost 2007; 98(01): 63-68
DOI: 10.1160/TH07-05-0327
Anniversary Issue Contribution
Schattauer GmbH

A short history of platelet glycoprotein Ib complex

Kenneth J. Clemetson
1   Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Correspondence to:

Dr. K. J. Clemetson
Theodor Kocher Institute
University of Berne
Freiestrasse 1
CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
Phone: +41 31 631 41 48   
Fax: +41 31 631 37 99   

Publication History

Received 04 May 2007

Accepted 23 May 2007

Publication Date:
29 November 2017 (online)

 

 


#
  • References

  • 1 Dodgson CL. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillanand Co.; 1865
  • 2 Bernard J, Soulier JP. Sur une nouvelle variété de dystrophie thrombocytaire-hémorragipare congénitale. Semin Hôp Paris 1948; 24: 3217-3223.
  • 3 Nurden AT, Caen JP. Specific roles for platelet surface glycoproteins in platelet function. Nature 1975; 255: 720-722.
  • 4 Clemetson KJ. et al. Characterization of the platelet membrane glycoprotein abnormalities in Bernard-Soulier syndrome and comparison with normal by surface-labeling techniques and high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 304-311.
  • 5 Grottum KA, Solum NO. Congenital thrombocytopenia with giant platelets: a defect in the platelet membrane. Br J Haematol 1969; 16: 277-290.
  • 6 Donati MB, de Gaetano GJV. Evidence that bovine factor VIII, not bovine fibrinogen, aggregates human platelets. Thromb Res 1973; 2: 97-103.
  • 7 Pepper DS, Jamieson GA. Studies on glycoproteins. 3. Isolation of sialylglycopeptides from human platelet membranes. Biochemistry 1969; 8: 3362-3369.
  • 8 Bithell TC. et al. Platelet-function studies in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1972; 201: 145-160.
  • 9 Weiss HJ. et al. Decreased adhesion of giant (Bernard-Soulier) platelets to subendothelium. Further implications on the role of the von Willebrand factor in hemostasis. Am J Med 1974; 57: 920-925.
  • 10 Howard MA, Firkin BG. Ristocetin--a new tool in the investigation of platelet aggregation. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1971; 26: 362-369.
  • 11 Nachman RL, Ferris B. Studies on the proteins of human platelet membranes. J Biol Chem 1972; 247: 4468-4475.
  • 12 Phillips DR. Effect of trypsin on the exposed polypeptides and glycoproteins in the human platelet membrane. Biochemistry 1972; 11: 4582-4588.
  • 13 Phillips DR. et al. Molecular differences of exposed surface proteins on thrombasthenic platelet plasma membranes. Nature 1975; 257: 599-600.
  • 14 Jenkins CS. et al. Platelet membrane glycoproteins implicated in ristocetin-induced aggregation. Studies of the proteins on platelets from patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand’s disease. J Clin Invest 1976; 57: 112-124.
  • 15 Phillips DR, Agin PP. Platelet plasma membrane glycoproteins. Evidence for the presence of nonequivalent disulfide bonds using nonreduced-reduced two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 1977; 252: 2121-2126.
  • 16 Andersson LC, Gahmberg CG. Surface glycoproteins of human white blood cells. Analysis by surface labeling. Blood 1978; 52: 57-67.
  • 17 Solum NO. et al. Human platelet glycoproteins. Further evidence that the “GP I band” from whole platelets contains three different polypeptides one of which may be involved in the interaction between platelets and factor VIII. Thromb Res 1977; 10: 71-82.
  • 18 Solum NO. et al. Platelet membrane glycoproteins and the interaction between bovine factor VIII related protein and human platelets. Thromb Haemost 1977; 38: 914-923.
  • 19 Clemetson KJ. et al. Relationship between glycocalicin and glycoprotein Ib of human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 2712-2716.
  • 20 Nachman RL. et al. Wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography of human platelet membrane glycoproteins. Thromb Res 1978; 12: 91-104.
  • 21 Okumura T. et al. Platelet glycocalicin. Interaction with thrombin and role as thrombin receptor of the platelet surface. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 3435-3443.
  • 22 Berndt MC, Phillips DR. Purification and preliminary physicochemical characterization of human platelet membrane glycoprotein V. J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 59-65.
  • 23 Ganguly P. Binding of thromb in to functionally defective platelets: a hypothesis on the nature of the thrombin receptor. Br J Haematol 1977; 37: 47-51.
  • 24 Coller BS. et al. Studies with a murine monoclonal antibody that abolishes ristocetin-induced binding of von Willebrand factor to platelets: additional evidence in support of GPIb as aplateletreceptor for von Wille-brand factor. Blood 1983; 61: 99-110.
  • 25 Sakariassen KS. et al. A perfusion chamber developed to investigate platelet interaction in flowing blood with human vessel wall cells, their extra cellular matrix, and purified components. J Lab Clin Med 1983; 102: 522-535.
  • 26 Sakariassen KS. et al. The role of platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib and IIb-IIIa in platelet adherence to human artery subendothelium. Br J Haematol 1986; 63: 681-691.
  • 27 Clemetson KJ. et al. Distribution of platelet glycoproteins and phosphoproteins in hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases in Triton X-114 phase partition. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 778: 463-469.
  • 28 Du X. et al. Glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein IX are fully complexed in the intact platelet membrane. Blood 1987; 69: 1524-1527.
  • 29 Modderman PW. et al. Glycoproteins V and Ib-IX form a noncovalent complex in the platelet membrane. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 364-369.
  • 30 Luo S-Z. et al. Glycoprotein Ib forms disulfide bonds with 2 glycoprotein Ibb subunits in the resting platelet. Blood 2007; 109: 603-609.
  • 31 Wicki AN, Clemetson KJ. Structure and function of platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib and V. Effects of leukocyte elastase and other proteases on platelets response to von Willebrand factor and thrombin. Eur J Biochem 1985; 153: 1-11.
  • 32 Wyler B. et al. Glycoprotein Ibβ is the only phosphorylated major membrane glycoprotein in human platelets. Biochem J 1986; 234: 373-379.
  • 33 Wardell MR. et al. Platelet glycoprotein Ibβ is phosphorylated on serine 166 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 15656-15661.
  • 34 Judson PA. et al. Isolation and characterization of the major oligosaccharide of human platelet membrane glycoprotein GPIb. Biochem J 1982; 205: 81-90.
  • 35 Korrel SA. et al. Structural studies on the O-linked carbohydrate chains of human platelet glycocalicin. Eur J Biochem 1984; 140: 571-576.
  • 36 Tsuji T. et al. The carbohydrate moiety of human platelet glycocalicin. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 6335-6339.
  • 37 Lopez JA. et al. Cloning of the alpha chain of human platelet glycoprotein Ib: a transmembrane protein with homology to leucine-rich α 2- glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5615-5619.
  • 38 Lopez JA. et al. The alpha and beta chains of human platelet glycoprotein Ib are both transmembrane proteins containing a leucine-rich amino acid sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 2135-2139.
  • 39 Hickey MJ. et al. Human platelet glycoprotein IX: an adhesive prototype of leucine-rich glycoproteins with flank-center-flank structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 6773-6777.
  • 40 Brinkhous KM. et al. Botrocetin (venom coagglutinin): reaction with a broad spectrum of multimeric forms of factor VIII macromolecular complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 1463-1466.
  • 41 Wicki AN. et al. Isolation and characterization of human blood platelet mRNA and construction of a cDNA library in λgt11. Confirmation of the platelet derivation by identification of GPIb coding mRNA and cloning of a GPIb coding cDNA insert. Thromb Haemost 1989; 61: 448-453.
  • 42 Wenger RH. et al. The 5′ flanking region and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding human platelet membrane glycoprotein Ibα. Gene 1989; 85: 517-524.
  • 43 Muszbek L, Laposata M. Glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein IX in human platelets are acylated with palmitic acid through thioester linkages. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 9716-9719.
  • 44 Miller JL. et al. Mutation in the gene encoding the a chain of platelet glycoprote in Ib in platelet-type von Willebrand disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4761-4765.
  • 45 Russell SD, Roth GJ. Pseudo-von Willebrand disease: A mutation in the platelet glycoprotein Ibα gene associated with a hyperactive surface receptor. Blood 1993; 81: 1787-1791.
  • 46 Hourdille P. et al. Thrombin induces a rapid redistribution of glycoprotein Ib-IX complexes within the membrane systems of activated human platelets. Blood 1990; 76: 1503-1513.
  • 47 Peng M. et al. Alboaggregin-B: A new platelet agonist that binds to platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 11529-11536.
  • 48 Peng M. et al. Characterization of three alboaggregins purified from Trimeresurus albolabris venom. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67: 702-707.
  • 49 Kroll MH. et al. von Willebrand factor binding to platelet GPlb initiates signals for platelet activation. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1568-1573.
  • 50 Hess D. et al. Identification of the disulphide bonds in human platelet glycocalicin. Eur J Biochem 1991; 199: 389-393.
  • 51 Aakhus AM. et al. Glycoprotein Ib- and actin-binding regions in human platelet actin-binding protein. Biochem Soc Trans 1991; 19: 1133-1134.
  • 52 Andrews RK, Fox JEB. Interaction of purified actin-binding protein with the platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib-IX complex. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 7144-7147.
  • 53 Beer JH. et al. Glycocalicin: A new assay--The normal plasma levels and its potential usefulness in selected diseases. Blood 1994; 83: 691-702.
  • 54 Wu G. et al. Human endothelial cells in culture and in vivo express on their surface all four components of the glycoprotein Ib/IX/V complex. Blood 1997; 90: 2660-2669.
  • 55 Miller JL. et al. Mutation of leucine-57 to phenylalanine in a platelet glycoprotein Ibα leucine tandem repeat occurring in patients with an autosomal dominant variant of Bernard-Soulier disease. Blood 1992; 79: 439-446.
  • 56 Lanza F. et al. Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the human platelet glycoprotein V. A member of the leucine-rich glycoprotein family cleaved during thrombin-induced platelet activation. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 20801-20807.
  • 57 Peng M. et al. Echicetin: A snake venom protein that inhibits binding of von Willebrand factor and alboaggregins to platelet glycoprotein Ib. Blood 1993; 81: 2321-2328.
  • 58 Lu Q. et al. Snake venom C-type lectins interacting with platelet receptors. Structure-function relationships and effects on haemostasis. Toxicon 2005; 45: 1089-1098.
  • 59 Wright SD. et al. Double heterozygosity for mutations in the platelet glycoprotein IX gene in three siblings with Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Blood 1993; 81: 2339-2347.
  • 60 Clemetson JM. et al. Variant Bernard-Soulier syndrome associated with a homozygous mutation in the leucine-rich domain of glycoprotein IX. Blood 1994; 84: 1124-1131.
  • 61 Du X. et al. Identification of a binding sequence for the 14-3-3 protein within the cytoplasmic domain of the adhesion receptor, platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 7362-7367.
  • 62 López JA. et al. Polymorphism of human glycoprotein Ibα results from a variable number of tandem repeats of a 13-amino acid sequence in the mucin-like macroglycopeptide region. Structure/function implications. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 10055-10061.
  • 63 Dong JF. et al. Tyrosine sulfation of the glycoprotein Ib-IX complex: identification of sulfated residues and effect on ligand binding. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 13946-13953.
  • 64 Ward CM. et al. Mocarhagin, a novel cobra venom metalloproteinase, cleaves the platelet von Willebrand factor receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha. Identification of the sulfated tyrosine/anionic sequence Tyr-276-Glu-282 of glycoprotein Ibα as a binding site for von Willebrand factor and α-thrombin. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 4929-4938.
  • 65 Ludlow LB. et al. Identification of amutation in a GATA binding site of the platelet glycoprotein Ibβ promoter resulting in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 22076-22080.
  • 66 Bastian LS. et al. Analysis of the megakaryocyte glycoprotein IX promoter identifies positive and negative regulatory domains and functional GATA and Ets sites. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 18554-18560.
  • 67 Ozaki Y. et al. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human platelets induced by interaction between glycoprotein Ib and von Willebrand factor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1243: 482-488.
  • 68 Sullam PM. et al. Physical proximity and functional interplay of the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex and the Fc receptor FcγRIIA on the platelet plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 5331-5336.
  • 69 Yuan Y. et al. The von Willebrand factor-glycoprotein Ib/V/IX interaction induces actin polymerization and cytoskeletal reorganization in rolling platelets and glycoprotein Ib/V/IX-transfected cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 36241-36251.
  • 70 Bodnar RJ. et al. The cytoplasmic domain of the platelet glycoprotein Ibα is phosphorylated at serine 609. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 33474-33479.
  • 71 Romo GM. et al. The glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex is a platelet counter receptor for P-selectin. J Exp Med 1999; 190: 803-814.
  • 72 Falati S. et al. Glycoprotein Ib-V-IX, a receptor for von Willebrand factor, couples physically and functionally to the Fc receptor gamma-chain, Fyn, and Lyn to activate human platelets. Blood 1999; 94: 1648-1656.
  • 73 Beguin S. et al. Fibrin-dependent platelet procoagulant activity requires GPIb receptors and von Willebrand factor. Blood 1999; 93: 564-570.
  • 74 Dormann D. et al. The GPIb thrombin-binding site is essential for thrombin-induced platelet procoagulant activity. Blood 2000; 96: 2469-2478.
  • 75 Soslau G. et al. Unique pathway of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation mediated by glycoprotein Ib. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 21173-21183.
  • 76 Simon DI. et al. Platelet glycoprotein Ibα is a counterreceptor for the leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18). J Exp Med 2000; 192: 193-204.
  • 77 Ware J. et al. Generation and rescue of a murine model of platelet dysfunction: the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 2803-2808.
  • 78 Williamson D. et al. Interaction between platelet glycoprotein Iba and filamin-1 is essential for glycoprotein Ib/IX receptor anchorage at high shear. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 2151-2159.
  • 79 Englund GD. et al. Regulation of von Willebrand factor binding to the platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX by a membrane skeleton-dependent inside-out signal. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 16952-16959.
  • 80 Ramakrishnan V. et al. Increased thrombin responsiveness in platelets from mice lacking glycoprotein V. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 13336-13341.
  • 81 Ni H. et al. Increased thrombogenesis and embolus formation in mice lacking glycoprotein V. Blood 2001; 98: 368-373.
  • 82 Kahn ML. et al. Glycoprotein V-deficient platelets have undiminished thrombin responsiveness and do not exhibit a Bernard-Soulier phenotype. Blood 1999; 94: 4112-4121.
  • 83 Moog S. et al. Platelet glycoprotein V binds to collagen and participates in platelet adhesion and aggregation. Blood 2001; 98: 1038-1046.
  • 84 Baker J. et al. GPIb potentiates GPVI-induced responses in human platelets. Platelets 2004; 15: 207-214.
  • 85 Dormann D. et al. Alboaggregin A activates platelets by a mechanism involving glycoprotein VI as well as glycoprotein Ib. Blood 2001; 97: 929-936.
  • 86 De Candia E. et al. Binding of thrombin to glycoprotein Ib accelerates the hydrolysis of Par-1 on intact platelets. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 4692-4698.
  • 87 Uff S. et al. Crystal structure of the platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha N-terminal domain reveals an unmasking mechanism for receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 35657-35663.
  • 88 Huizinga EG. et al. Structures of glycoprotein Ibα and its complex with von Willebrand factor A1 domain. Science 2002; 297: 1176-1179.
  • 89 Dumas JJ. et al. Crystal structure of the wild-type von Willebrand factor A1-glycoprotein Ibα complex reveals conformation differences with a complex bearing von Willebrand disease mutations. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 23327-23334.
  • 90 Dumas JJ. et al. Crystal structure of the GpIba-thrombin complex essential for platelet aggregation. Science 2003; 301: 222-226.
  • 91 Celikel R. et al. Modulation of α-thrombin function by distinct interactions with platelet glycoprotein Ibα. Science 2003; 301: 218-221.
  • 92 Dopheide SM. et al. Shear-dependent tether formation during platelet translocation on von Willebrand factor. Blood 2002; 99: 159-167.
  • 93 Reininger AJ. et al. Mechanism of platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor and microparticle formation under high shear stress. Blood 2006; 107: 3537-3545.
  • 94 Hoffmeister KM. et al. The clearance mechanism of chilled blood platelets. Cell 2003; 112: 87-97.
  • 95 Hoffmeister KM. et al. Glycosylation restores survival of chilled blood platelets. Science 2003; 301: 1531-1534.
  • 96 Jin W. et al. A role for glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains in platelet glycoprotein Ib-mediated platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1034-1040.
  • 97 Andrews RK. et al. Interaction of calmodulin with the cytoplasmic domain of the platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex. Blood 2001; 98: 681-687.
  • 98 Arthur JF. et al. Glycoprotein VI is associated with GPIb-IX-V on the membrane of resting and activated platelets. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93: 716-723.
  • 99 Jurk K. et al. Thrombospondin-1 mediates platelet adhesion at high shear via glycoprotein Ib (GPIb): an alternative/backup mechanism to von Willebrand factor. FASEB J 2003; 17: 1490-1492.
  • 100 Baglia FA. et al. Factor XI interacts with the leucine-rich repeats of glycoprotein Ibα on the activated platelet. J Biol Chem 2004; 278: 48112-48119.
  • 101 Bradford HN. et al. Human factor XII binding to the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 22756-22763.
  • 102 Bradford HN. et al. Human kininogens regulate thrombin binding to platelets through the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex. Blood 1997; 90: 1508-1515.
  • 103 Chavakis T. et al. High molecular weight kininogen regulates platelet-leukocyte interactions by bridging Mac-1 and glycoprotein Ib. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 45375-45381.
  • 104 Bergmeier W. et al. The role of platelet adhesion receptor GPIbalpha far exceeds that of its main ligand, von Willebrand factor, in arterial thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 16900-16905.
  • 105 Ozaki Y. et al. Platelet GPIb-IX-V-dependent signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 1745-1751.
  • 106 Du X. Signaling and regulation of the platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex. Curr Opin Hematol 2007; 14: 262-269.
  • 107 Canobbio I. et al. Signalling through the platelet glycoprotein Ib-V-IX complex. Cell Signal 2004; 16: 1329-1344.

Correspondence to:

Dr. K. J. Clemetson
Theodor Kocher Institute
University of Berne
Freiestrasse 1
CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
Phone: +41 31 631 41 48   
Fax: +41 31 631 37 99   

  • References

  • 1 Dodgson CL. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillanand Co.; 1865
  • 2 Bernard J, Soulier JP. Sur une nouvelle variété de dystrophie thrombocytaire-hémorragipare congénitale. Semin Hôp Paris 1948; 24: 3217-3223.
  • 3 Nurden AT, Caen JP. Specific roles for platelet surface glycoproteins in platelet function. Nature 1975; 255: 720-722.
  • 4 Clemetson KJ. et al. Characterization of the platelet membrane glycoprotein abnormalities in Bernard-Soulier syndrome and comparison with normal by surface-labeling techniques and high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 304-311.
  • 5 Grottum KA, Solum NO. Congenital thrombocytopenia with giant platelets: a defect in the platelet membrane. Br J Haematol 1969; 16: 277-290.
  • 6 Donati MB, de Gaetano GJV. Evidence that bovine factor VIII, not bovine fibrinogen, aggregates human platelets. Thromb Res 1973; 2: 97-103.
  • 7 Pepper DS, Jamieson GA. Studies on glycoproteins. 3. Isolation of sialylglycopeptides from human platelet membranes. Biochemistry 1969; 8: 3362-3369.
  • 8 Bithell TC. et al. Platelet-function studies in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1972; 201: 145-160.
  • 9 Weiss HJ. et al. Decreased adhesion of giant (Bernard-Soulier) platelets to subendothelium. Further implications on the role of the von Willebrand factor in hemostasis. Am J Med 1974; 57: 920-925.
  • 10 Howard MA, Firkin BG. Ristocetin--a new tool in the investigation of platelet aggregation. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1971; 26: 362-369.
  • 11 Nachman RL, Ferris B. Studies on the proteins of human platelet membranes. J Biol Chem 1972; 247: 4468-4475.
  • 12 Phillips DR. Effect of trypsin on the exposed polypeptides and glycoproteins in the human platelet membrane. Biochemistry 1972; 11: 4582-4588.
  • 13 Phillips DR. et al. Molecular differences of exposed surface proteins on thrombasthenic platelet plasma membranes. Nature 1975; 257: 599-600.
  • 14 Jenkins CS. et al. Platelet membrane glycoproteins implicated in ristocetin-induced aggregation. Studies of the proteins on platelets from patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand’s disease. J Clin Invest 1976; 57: 112-124.
  • 15 Phillips DR, Agin PP. Platelet plasma membrane glycoproteins. Evidence for the presence of nonequivalent disulfide bonds using nonreduced-reduced two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 1977; 252: 2121-2126.
  • 16 Andersson LC, Gahmberg CG. Surface glycoproteins of human white blood cells. Analysis by surface labeling. Blood 1978; 52: 57-67.
  • 17 Solum NO. et al. Human platelet glycoproteins. Further evidence that the “GP I band” from whole platelets contains three different polypeptides one of which may be involved in the interaction between platelets and factor VIII. Thromb Res 1977; 10: 71-82.
  • 18 Solum NO. et al. Platelet membrane glycoproteins and the interaction between bovine factor VIII related protein and human platelets. Thromb Haemost 1977; 38: 914-923.
  • 19 Clemetson KJ. et al. Relationship between glycocalicin and glycoprotein Ib of human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 2712-2716.
  • 20 Nachman RL. et al. Wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography of human platelet membrane glycoproteins. Thromb Res 1978; 12: 91-104.
  • 21 Okumura T. et al. Platelet glycocalicin. Interaction with thrombin and role as thrombin receptor of the platelet surface. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 3435-3443.
  • 22 Berndt MC, Phillips DR. Purification and preliminary physicochemical characterization of human platelet membrane glycoprotein V. J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 59-65.
  • 23 Ganguly P. Binding of thromb in to functionally defective platelets: a hypothesis on the nature of the thrombin receptor. Br J Haematol 1977; 37: 47-51.
  • 24 Coller BS. et al. Studies with a murine monoclonal antibody that abolishes ristocetin-induced binding of von Willebrand factor to platelets: additional evidence in support of GPIb as aplateletreceptor for von Wille-brand factor. Blood 1983; 61: 99-110.
  • 25 Sakariassen KS. et al. A perfusion chamber developed to investigate platelet interaction in flowing blood with human vessel wall cells, their extra cellular matrix, and purified components. J Lab Clin Med 1983; 102: 522-535.
  • 26 Sakariassen KS. et al. The role of platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib and IIb-IIIa in platelet adherence to human artery subendothelium. Br J Haematol 1986; 63: 681-691.
  • 27 Clemetson KJ. et al. Distribution of platelet glycoproteins and phosphoproteins in hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases in Triton X-114 phase partition. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 778: 463-469.
  • 28 Du X. et al. Glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein IX are fully complexed in the intact platelet membrane. Blood 1987; 69: 1524-1527.
  • 29 Modderman PW. et al. Glycoproteins V and Ib-IX form a noncovalent complex in the platelet membrane. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 364-369.
  • 30 Luo S-Z. et al. Glycoprotein Ib forms disulfide bonds with 2 glycoprotein Ibb subunits in the resting platelet. Blood 2007; 109: 603-609.
  • 31 Wicki AN, Clemetson KJ. Structure and function of platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib and V. Effects of leukocyte elastase and other proteases on platelets response to von Willebrand factor and thrombin. Eur J Biochem 1985; 153: 1-11.
  • 32 Wyler B. et al. Glycoprotein Ibβ is the only phosphorylated major membrane glycoprotein in human platelets. Biochem J 1986; 234: 373-379.
  • 33 Wardell MR. et al. Platelet glycoprotein Ibβ is phosphorylated on serine 166 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 15656-15661.
  • 34 Judson PA. et al. Isolation and characterization of the major oligosaccharide of human platelet membrane glycoprotein GPIb. Biochem J 1982; 205: 81-90.
  • 35 Korrel SA. et al. Structural studies on the O-linked carbohydrate chains of human platelet glycocalicin. Eur J Biochem 1984; 140: 571-576.
  • 36 Tsuji T. et al. The carbohydrate moiety of human platelet glycocalicin. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 6335-6339.
  • 37 Lopez JA. et al. Cloning of the alpha chain of human platelet glycoprotein Ib: a transmembrane protein with homology to leucine-rich α 2- glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5615-5619.
  • 38 Lopez JA. et al. The alpha and beta chains of human platelet glycoprotein Ib are both transmembrane proteins containing a leucine-rich amino acid sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 2135-2139.
  • 39 Hickey MJ. et al. Human platelet glycoprotein IX: an adhesive prototype of leucine-rich glycoproteins with flank-center-flank structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 6773-6777.
  • 40 Brinkhous KM. et al. Botrocetin (venom coagglutinin): reaction with a broad spectrum of multimeric forms of factor VIII macromolecular complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 1463-1466.
  • 41 Wicki AN. et al. Isolation and characterization of human blood platelet mRNA and construction of a cDNA library in λgt11. Confirmation of the platelet derivation by identification of GPIb coding mRNA and cloning of a GPIb coding cDNA insert. Thromb Haemost 1989; 61: 448-453.
  • 42 Wenger RH. et al. The 5′ flanking region and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding human platelet membrane glycoprotein Ibα. Gene 1989; 85: 517-524.
  • 43 Muszbek L, Laposata M. Glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein IX in human platelets are acylated with palmitic acid through thioester linkages. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 9716-9719.
  • 44 Miller JL. et al. Mutation in the gene encoding the a chain of platelet glycoprote in Ib in platelet-type von Willebrand disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4761-4765.
  • 45 Russell SD, Roth GJ. Pseudo-von Willebrand disease: A mutation in the platelet glycoprotein Ibα gene associated with a hyperactive surface receptor. Blood 1993; 81: 1787-1791.
  • 46 Hourdille P. et al. Thrombin induces a rapid redistribution of glycoprotein Ib-IX complexes within the membrane systems of activated human platelets. Blood 1990; 76: 1503-1513.
  • 47 Peng M. et al. Alboaggregin-B: A new platelet agonist that binds to platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 11529-11536.
  • 48 Peng M. et al. Characterization of three alboaggregins purified from Trimeresurus albolabris venom. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67: 702-707.
  • 49 Kroll MH. et al. von Willebrand factor binding to platelet GPlb initiates signals for platelet activation. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1568-1573.
  • 50 Hess D. et al. Identification of the disulphide bonds in human platelet glycocalicin. Eur J Biochem 1991; 199: 389-393.
  • 51 Aakhus AM. et al. Glycoprotein Ib- and actin-binding regions in human platelet actin-binding protein. Biochem Soc Trans 1991; 19: 1133-1134.
  • 52 Andrews RK, Fox JEB. Interaction of purified actin-binding protein with the platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib-IX complex. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 7144-7147.
  • 53 Beer JH. et al. Glycocalicin: A new assay--The normal plasma levels and its potential usefulness in selected diseases. Blood 1994; 83: 691-702.
  • 54 Wu G. et al. Human endothelial cells in culture and in vivo express on their surface all four components of the glycoprotein Ib/IX/V complex. Blood 1997; 90: 2660-2669.
  • 55 Miller JL. et al. Mutation of leucine-57 to phenylalanine in a platelet glycoprotein Ibα leucine tandem repeat occurring in patients with an autosomal dominant variant of Bernard-Soulier disease. Blood 1992; 79: 439-446.
  • 56 Lanza F. et al. Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the human platelet glycoprotein V. A member of the leucine-rich glycoprotein family cleaved during thrombin-induced platelet activation. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 20801-20807.
  • 57 Peng M. et al. Echicetin: A snake venom protein that inhibits binding of von Willebrand factor and alboaggregins to platelet glycoprotein Ib. Blood 1993; 81: 2321-2328.
  • 58 Lu Q. et al. Snake venom C-type lectins interacting with platelet receptors. Structure-function relationships and effects on haemostasis. Toxicon 2005; 45: 1089-1098.
  • 59 Wright SD. et al. Double heterozygosity for mutations in the platelet glycoprotein IX gene in three siblings with Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Blood 1993; 81: 2339-2347.
  • 60 Clemetson JM. et al. Variant Bernard-Soulier syndrome associated with a homozygous mutation in the leucine-rich domain of glycoprotein IX. Blood 1994; 84: 1124-1131.
  • 61 Du X. et al. Identification of a binding sequence for the 14-3-3 protein within the cytoplasmic domain of the adhesion receptor, platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 7362-7367.
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