Clinical utility of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in urogenital malignancies

Julia Dorn; Jane Bayani; George M. Yousef; Feng Yang; Viktor Magdolen; Marion Kiechle; Eleftherios P. Diamandis; Manfred Schmitt

doi:10.1160/TH13-03-0206

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 2013; 110(03): 408-422
DOI: 10.1160/TH13-03-0206

Theme Issue Article

Schattauer GmbH

Clinical utility of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in urogenital malignancies

Julia Dorn

¹Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

,

Jane Bayani

²Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

³Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

,

George M. Yousef

²Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

⁴Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li KaShing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

,

Feng Yang

¹Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

,

Viktor Magdolen

¹Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

,

Marion Kiechle

¹Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

,

Eleftherios P. Diamandis

²Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

³Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

,

Manfred Schmitt

¹Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Summary

Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK), which represent a major tissue-associated proteolytic system, stand for a rich source of biomarkers that may allow molecular classification, early diagnosis and prognosis of human malignancies as well as prediction of response or failure to cancer-directed drugs. International research points to an important role of certain KLKs in female and male urogenital tract malignancies, in addition to cancers of the lung, brain, skin, head and neck, and the gastrointestinal tract. Regarding the female/male urogenital tract, remarkably, all of the KLKs are expressed in the normal prostate, testis, and kidney whereas the uterus, the ovary, and the urinary bladder are expressing a limited number of KLKs only. Most of the information regarding KLK expression in tumour-affected organs is available for ovarian cancer; all of the 12 KLKs tested so far were found to be elevated in the malignant state, depicting them as valuable biomarkers to distinguish between the normal and the cancerous phenotype. In contrast, for kidney cancer, a series of KLKs was found to be downregulated, while other KLKs were not expressed. Evidently, depending on the type of cancer or cancer stage, individual KLKs may show characteristics of a Janus-faced behaviour, by either expanding or inhibiting cancer progression and metastasis.

Keywords

Cancer - proteases - endometrium - ovary - prostate

Full Text

References

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