Microparticles as new markers of cardiovascular risk in diabetes and beyond

Francesca Santilli; Marco Marchisio; Paola Lanuti; Andrea Boccatonda; Sebastiano Miscia; Giovanni Davì

doi:10.1160/TH16-03-0176

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 2016; 116(02): 220-234
DOI: 10.1160/TH16-03-0176

Review Article

Schattauer GmbH

Microparticles as new markers of cardiovascular risk in diabetes and beyond

Francesca Santilli

¹Center for Aging Science (Ce.S.I.), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti

²StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy

,

Marco Marchisio

¹Center for Aging Science (Ce.S.I.), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti

²StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy

,

Paola Lanuti

¹Center for Aging Science (Ce.S.I.), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti

²StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy

,

Andrea Boccatonda

¹Center for Aging Science (Ce.S.I.), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti

²StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy

,

Sebastiano Miscia

¹Center for Aging Science (Ce.S.I.), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti

²StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy

,

Giovanni Davì

¹Center for Aging Science (Ce.S.I.), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti

²StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Summary

The term microparticle (MP) identifies a heterogeneous population of vesicles playing a relevant role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. MPs are released by virtually all cell types by shedding during cell growth, proliferation, activation, apoptosis or senescence processes. MPs, in particular platelet- and endothelial-derived MPs (PMPs and EMPs), are increased in a wide range of thrombotic disorders, with an interesting relationship between their levels and disease pathophysiology, activity or progression. EMP plasma levels have been associated with several cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. PMPs are also shown to be involved in the progressive formation of atherosclerotic plaque and development of arterial thrombosis, especially in diabetic patients. Indeed, diabetes is characterised by an increased procoagulant state and by a hyperreactive platelet phenotype, with enhanced adhesion, aggregation, and activation. Elevated MP levels, such as TF⁺MPs, have been shown to be one of the procoagulant determinants in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic plaque constitutes an opulent source of sequestered MPs, called “plaque” MPs. Otherwise, circulating MPs represent a TF reservoir, named “blood-borne” TF, challenging the dogma that TF is a constitutive protein expressed in minute amounts. “Blood-borne” TF is mainly harboured by PMPs, and it can be trapped within the developing thrombus. MP detection and enumeration by polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) have opened interesting perspectives in clinical settings, particularly for the evaluation of MP numbers and phenotypes as independent marker of cardiovascular risk, disease and outcome in diabetic patients.

Keywords

Microparticles - atherosclerosis - tissue factor - platelet - diabetes

Full Text

References

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