Epidemiologie und Prophylaxe der Leptospirose beim Hund

Michèle Bergmann; Julia-Rebecca Llewellyn; Katrin Hartmann

doi:10.15654/TPK-160964

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere, Table of Contents

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2017; 45(03): 163-168
DOI: 10.15654/TPK-160964

Übersichtsartikel

Schattauer GmbH

Epidemiologie und Prophylaxe der Leptospirose beim Hund

Epidemiology and prevention of leptospirosis in dogs

Michèle Bergmann

¹Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

,

Julia-Rebecca Llewellyn

¹Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

,

Katrin Hartmann

¹Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Die Leptospirose ist eine Zoonose mit steigender Prävalenz bei Hunden und Menschen in Deutschland. Die verschiedenen Leptospiren-Serovare haben unterschiedliche Pathogenität. Auch gesunde infizierte Hunde scheiden Leptospiren über den Urin aus und stellen somit ein Infektionsrisiko für Menschen und andere Tiere dar. Die Impfung ist die wichtigste Maßnahme zum Schutz; sie verhindert nicht nur die Krankheit beim Hund, sondern vermindert auch die Ausscheidung von Leptospiren über den Urin. Für einen möglichst umfassenden Impfschutz sollten tetravalente Impfstoffe verwendet werden, die Serovare der in der Region relevanten Serogruppen enthalten. Die Verbreitung der Erreger kann durch die weite Anwendung dieser Impfstoffe reduziert werden. Eine ausführliche Besitzeraufklärung über das zoonotische Potenzial der Leptospirose und geeignete Hygienemaßnahmen beim Umgang mit infizierten Hunden und Hundeurin sind essenziell.

Summary

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with increasing prevalence in dogs and humans. The various Leptospira serovars display different pathogenicity. Even healthy infected dogs can shed leptospires with their urine and thus, represent a risk for humans and other animals. Vaccination is the most important measure for prevention; it not only prevents disease in dogs, but also reduces shedding of leptospires in urine. For comprehensive protection through vaccination, tetravalent vaccines containing serovars of the serogroups relevant in the corresponding region should be used. The spread of the pathogen can be reduced by a wide application of these vaccines. A detailed owner education about the zoonotic potential of the infection and appropriate hygiene measures when handling the infected dog and its urine are essen tial.

Schlüsselwörter

Kanin - Leptospiren - Serovare - Serogruppen - Zoonose - Impfung

Keywords

Canine - Leptospira species - serovar - serogroup - zoonosis - vaccination

Full Text

References

Literatur
1 Andre-Fontaine G, Branger C, Gray AW, Klaasen HL. Comparison of the efficacy of three commercial bacterins in preventing canine leptospirosis. Vet Rec 2003; 153: 165-169.
2 Bal AE, Gravekamp C, Hartskeerl RA, De Meza-Brewster J, Korver H, Terpstra WJ. Detection of leptospires in urine by PCR for early diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 1894-1898.
3 Barmettler R, Schweighauser A, Bigler S, Grooters AM, Francey T. Assessment of exposure to Leptospira serovars in veterinary staff and dog owners in contact with infected dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238: 183-188.
4 Bolin CA, Koellner P. Human-to-human transmission of Leptospira interrogans by milk. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 246-247.
5 Bolin CA. Diagnosis of leptospirosis: a reemerging disease of companion animals. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1996; 11: 166-171.
6 Bolin CA, Alt DP. Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 995-1000.
7 Brett-Major DM, Coldren R. Antibiotics for leptospirosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012; 2: CD008264.
8 Chan KW, Hsu YH, Hu WL, Pan MJ, Lai JM, Huang KC, Chou SJ. Serological and PCR detection of feline leptospira in southern taiwan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14: 118-123.
9 Chappel RJ, Goris M, Palmer MF, Hartskeerl RA. Impact of proficiency testing on results of the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 548-8.
10 Dura EU. Vergleichende Untersuchungen von Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Mikroagglutinationsreaktion und Immunfluoreszenztest zum Nachweis von Antikörper gegen Leptospiren. Dissertation Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; 1993
11 Ellis WA. Control of canine leptospirosis in Europe: time for a change?. Vet Rec 2010; 167: 602-605.
12 Ellis WA, Michna SW. Bovine leptospirosis: demonstration of leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup in aborted fetuses and a premature calf. Vet Rec 1976; 99: 430-432.
13 Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM, James AC, Butcher LV. Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985; 79: 859-864.
14 Everard JD, Everard CO. Leptospirosis in the Caribbean. Rev Med Microbiol 1993; 4: 114-122.
15 Faine S. Leptospirosis-here, now. Pathology 1981; 13: 1-5.
16 Feigin RD, Lobes Jr LA, Anderson D, Pickering L. Human leptospirosis from immunized dogs. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79: 777-785.
17 Gay N, Soupe-Gilbert ME, Goarant C. Though not reservoirs, dogs might transmit Leptospira in New Caledonia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 4316-4325.
18 Geisen V, Stengel C, Brem S, Muller W, Greene C, Hartmann K. Canine leptospirosis infections – clinical signs and outcome with different suspected Leptospira serogroups (42 cases). J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48: 324-328.
19 Gerlach T, Stephan I. Epidemiologische Situation der kaninen Leptospirose in Norddeutschland in den Jahren 2003–2006. Tierärztl Prax 2007; 35 (K): 421-429.
20 Gerritsen MJ, Koopmans MJ, Peterse D, Olyhoek T. Sheep as maintenance host for Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo subtype Hardjobovis. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55: 1232-1237.
21 Ghneim GS, Viers JH, Chomel BB, Kass PH, Descollonges DA, Johnson ML. Use of a case-control study and geographic information systems to determine environmental and demographic risk factors for canine leptospirosis. Vet Res 2007; 38: 37-50.
22 Greene CE, Sykes JE, Moore GE, Goldstein RE, Schultz RD. Leptospirosis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th edn.. Greene CE. ed. St Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2012: 431-447.
23 Harkness AC, Smith BL, Fowler GF. An isolation of Leptospira serotype Pomona from domestic cat. N Z Vet J 1970; 18: 175-176.
24 Hartmann K, Egberink H, Pennisi MG, Lloret A, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Leptospira species infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15: 576-581.
25 Hennebelle JH, Sykes JE, Carpenter TE, Foley J. Spatial and temporal patterns of Leptospira infection in dogs from northern California: 67 cases (2001–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 941-947.
26 Hoffmann A, Schwedinger E, Werner G, Cussler K. Pharmakovigilanzreport Tierimpfstoffe – Analyse der Nebenwirkungsmeldungen im Jahr 2015. Deutsches Tierärzteblatt 2016; 1176-1178.
27 Horsch F, Klockmann J, Janetzky B, Drechsler H, Lobnitz P. Untersuchungen von Wildtieren auf Leptospirose. Mh Vet Med 1970; 25: 634-639.
28 Jansen A, Schoneberg I, Frank C, Alpers K, Schneider T, Stark K. Leptospirosis in Germany, 1962–2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1048-1054.
29 Jansen A, Luge E, Guerra B, Wittschen P, Gruber AD, Loddenkemper C, Schneider T, Lierz M, Ehlert D, Appel B, Stark K, Nockler K. Leptospirosis in urban wild boars, Berlin, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 739-742.
30 Juvet F, Schuller S, O’Neill EJ, O’Neill PA, Nally JE. Urinary shedding of spirochaetes in a dog with acute leptospirosis despite treatment. Vet Rec 2011; 168: 564.
31 Klaasen HL, van der Veen M, Molkenboer MJ, Sutton D. A novel tetravalent Leptospira bacterin protects against infection and shedding following challenge in dogs. Vet Rec 2013; 174: 169.
32 Klaasen HL, van der Veen M, Sutton D, Molkenboer MJ. A new tetravalent canine leptospirosis vaccine provides at least 12 months immunity against infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158: 26-29.
33 Knöpfler SV. Klinische, labordiagnostische, radiologische Befunde und Verlauf bei 99 Hunden mit Leptospirose (2006– 2013). Dissertation Freie Universität Berlin; 2015
34 Kohn B, Steinicke K, Arndt G, Gruber AD, Guerra B, Jansen A, Kaser-Hotz B, Klopfleisch R, Lotz F, Luge E, Nockler K. Pulmonary abnormalities in dogs with leptospirosis. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1277-1282.
35 Langston CE, Heuter KJ. Leptospirosis. A re-emerging zoonotic disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33: 791-807.
36 Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 296-326.
37 Llewellyn JR, Krupka-Dyachenko I, Rettinger AL, Dyachenko V, Stamm I, Kopp PA, Straubinger RK, Hartmann K. Urinary shedding of leptospires and presence of Leptospira antibodies in healthy dogs from Upper Bavaria. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2016; 129: 251-257.
38 Major A, Schweighauser A, Francey T. Increasing incidence of canine leptospirosis in Switzerland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 7242-7260.
39 Mayer-Scholl A, Luge E, Draeger A, Nöckler K, Kohn B. Distribution of Leptospira serogroups in dogs from Berlin, Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13: 200-202.
40 Mayer-Scholl A, Hammerl JA, Schmidt S, Ulrich RG, Pfeffer M, Woll D, Scholz HC, Thomas A, Nockler K. Leptospira spp. in rodents and shrews in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 7562-7574.
41 Miller MD, Annis KM, Lappin MR, Lunn KF. Variability in results of the microscopic agglutination test in dogs with clinical leptospirosis and dogs vaccinated against leptospirosis. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 426-432.
42 Minke JM, Bey R, Tronel JP, Latour S, Colombet G, Yvorel J, Cariou C, Guiot AL, Cozette V, Guigal PM. Onset and duration of protective immunity against clinical disease and renal carriage in dogs provided by a bivalent inactivated leptospirosis vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137: 137-145.
43 Muller H, Winkler P. Ergebnisse serologischer Untersuchungen auf Leptospira-Antikörper bei Füchsen. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1994; 107: 90-93.
44 Munoz-Zanzi C, Mason MR, Encina C, Astroza A, Romero A. Leptospira contamination in household and environmental water in rural communities in southern Chile. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 6666-6680.
45 NASPHV. Compendium of veterinary standard precautions for zoonotic disease prevention in veterinary personnel. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237: 1403-1422.
46 Plank R, Dean D. Overview of the epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis of Leptospira spp. in humans. Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 1265-1276.
47 Plesko I, Lataste-Dorolle C. Intertype immunity relations of Leptospira strains belonging to the “Australis” serogroup. Biologia (Bratisl) 1970; 25: 403-412.
48 Rentko VT, Clark N, Ross LA, Schelling SH. Canine leptospirosis. A retrospective study of 17 cases. J Vet Intern Med 1992; 6: 235-244.
49 Rodriguez J, Blais MC, Lapointe C, Arsenault J, Carioto L, Harel J. Serologic and urinary PCR survey of leptospirosis in healthy cats and in cats with kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28: 284-293.
50 Rojas P, Monahan AM, Schuller S, Miller IS, Markey BK, Nally JE. Detection and quantification of leptospires in urine of dogs: a maintenance host for the zoonotic disease leptospirosis. European J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29: 1305.
51 Schuller S, Francey T, Hartmann K, Hugonnard M, Kohn B, Nally JE, Sykes J. European consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56: 159-179.
52 Shophet R, Marshall RB. An experimentally induced predator chain transmission of Leptospira ballum from mice to cats. Br Vet J 1980; 136: 265-270.
53 Songer JG, Thiermann AB. Leptospirosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193: 1250-1254.
54 Sonrier C, Branger C, Michel V, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Ganière JP, André-Fontaine G. Evidence of cross-protection within Leptospira interrogans in an experimental model. Vaccine 2000; 19: 86-94.
55 StIKo Vet. Leitlinie zur Impfung von Kleintieren. 4. Aufl. Stand 12.12.2016: 34–37. Abrufbar über www.dgk-dvg.de/download/Leilinie_zur_Impfung_von_Kleintieren.pdf
56 StIKo Vet. Stellungnahme zur Immunisierung der Hunde gegen Leptospirose, 2016. Abrufbar über Suchbegriff „Stellungnahme zur Immunisierung der Hunde gegen Leptospirose. 2016“.
57 Sykes JE. Leptospirosis. In: Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. 41st edn.. Sykes JE. ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2014: 474-486.
58 Sykes JE, Hartmann K, Lunn KF, Moore GE, Stoddard RA, Goldstein RE. 2010 ACVIM small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 1-13.
59 Truong QL, Seo TW, Yoon BI, Kim HC, Han JH, Hahn TW. Prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75: 1647-1650.
60 Turner LH. Leptospirosis. I. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1967; 61: 842-855.
61 Twigg GI, Cuerden CM, Hughes DM, Medhurst P. The leptospirosis reservoir in British wild mammals. Vet Rec 1969; 84: 424-426.
62 Van der Hoeden J. Leptospiral antibodies in cold blooded animals. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966; 46: 171-172.
63 Weis S, Rettinger A, Bergmann M, Llewellyn JR, Pantchev N, Straubinger RK, Hartmann K. Detection of Leptospira DNA in urine and presence of specific antibodies in outdoor cats in Germany. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19 (04) 470-476.