Keywords: diagnosis - monitoring - hemiplegia
Palavras-chave: diagnóstico - monitoramento - hemiplegia
Right or left brain asymmetries have been demonstrated in studies of complex cognitive
functions such as musical abilities, language, emotions, and visuospatial tasks[1 ]. Mutha et al.[2 ] defended that a hemispheric specialization model, in which unilateral hemispheres
become responsible through different motor control mechanisms, decreases the energy
expenditure and time for communication between processing units (efficiency), optimizing
performance. With this rationale, the asymmetry of performing different tasks by choosing
a preferred hand or foot could represent more than a smart way to justify the hemispheric
specialization[3 ].
Footedness has been considered more sensitive than handedness as a behavioral index
of hemispheric lateralization in terms of emotional perception and language organization[4 ],[5 ]. Sadeghi et al.[4 ] recommended consideration of the preferentially-used foot in performing a specific
motor task as a strategy to identify footedness. Strategies to observe which foot
is chosen to manipulate or move an object, when required to kick a ball, or to pick
up a marble from the floor with the toes, could more precisely help identify the footedness.
With this approach, the foot used to support the body weight would be considered the
non-dominantly used[3 ],[4 ],[5 ].
The Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire-Revised (WFQ-R), originally developed in English
by Elias et al.[5 ], is the most-used instrument to assess foot dominance. It is easy to apply but had
not been translated and cross-culturally adapted for the Brazilian population[5 ]. Despite footedness having been related to functional asymmetries, studies considering
the effects of footedness on gait and postural control for able-bodied people have
presented divergent results, creating doubts about similarities or disparities coming
from the preference referred to by performing tasks or performing weight support[4 ],[6 ].
Blaszczyk et al.[6 ], for example, observed that seven of their 21 elderly participants evaluated had
asymmetric distribution overloading the left lower limb that was not defining dominance.
The authors considered that the lower limb less affected by the aging process would
be responsible for maintaining stability[7 ]. However, Hesse et al.[8 ] reported no significant correlation between the overloaded lower limb and the preferentially-used
foot during the seated-to-standing movement in healthy youngsters[8 ].
For post-stroke hemiparesis, the unaffected side could be considered the preferentially-used
hemibody for performing tasks, establishing the idea labelled by Mundim et al.[7 ] as a convenience hypothesis. The convenience hypothesis states that for chronic
post-stroke hemiparesis, motor dominance may be modified for convenience, in other
words, individuals learn to use the unaffected hemibody to perform daily activities,
as well as overloading the unaffected lower limb in the orthostatic position[7 ]. This choice seems to reflect a strategy to overcome the motor and sensory deficits
of the affected body. However, non-Pusher's syndrome asymmetries with overload on
the affected side have also been identified as a motor strategy[7 ],[9 ].
Asymmetric strategies overloading both hemibodies bring to mind that factors such
as severity of motor and sensory impairments and pushing behavior have been identified
as being responsible for the asymmetric distribution with overload of the affected
limb in chronic stroke survivors[10 ], reinforcing the relevance of the footedness assessment.
Mansfield et al.[9 ] did not find differences in the prevalence of perceptual disturbances, such as negligence
and history of pushing, between the groups that overloaded the unaffected limb or
the affected hemibody and the group with symmetrical weight-bearing distribution.
Although recent studies[9 ],[11 ],[12 ],[13 ] point to the relationship between sensory deficits and asymmetry in the weight-bearing
distribution during upright stance, more robust evidence must be attained.
According to the relationship between the severity of post-stroke motor deficits and
the weight-bearing distribution, some evidence indicates that individuals with more
severe hemiparesis tend to adopt a more asymmetric strategy when compared to those
with mild hemiparesis[6 ],[9 ],[11 ],[13 ]. In this regard, Mundim et al.[7 ] have hypothesized that the lower limb predominantly used for support during an upright
stance is established by preference for post-stroke hemiparesis patients presenting
with mild to moderate hemiparesis, or by convenience in the patients with moderate
to severe hemiparesis. In other words, the dominance would be severity-dependent and
footedness must be assessed.
Given the relevance of measuring footedness, the present work proposed to adapt the
WFQ-R cross-culturally and to verify the inter-rater and test/retest reliability from
its measure to identify footedness for post-stroke hemiparesis and able-bodied Brazilian
people.
METHODS
In order to ensure the quality of the adapted tool, we carried out a longitudinal
study to translate and adapt the WFQ-R cross-culturally and test its reliability after
adaptation. The essential steps to accomplish our aim were guided by the process published
by Beaton et al.[14 ] in five sequential stages: (1) translation by two translators, (2) synthesis of
translations, (3) back translation by two people who have English as their native
language, (4) expert committee review and (5) pretesting in order to assess the comprehension
of the questionnaire.
This guideline refers to international rules established to secure the maintenance
of equivalence between the original questionnaire version and the target, in this
case: the Brazilian population. Once complete, the WFQ-R-Brazil was submitted to psychometric
testing to verify the inter-rater and test/retest reliabilities.
Before initiating cross-cultural adaptation, the researcher Lorin Elias (University
of Saskatchewan, Canada) was asked to authorize the development of the Brazilian version.
This study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee, D.C. (Report 199.318/2013)
and all the participants signed an informed consent form.
Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire-Revised
The WFQ-R assesses the foot preferentially used in two different situations: (1) by
performing tasks with objects (e.g. kicking a ball straight towards a target or picking
up a marble with the toes), and (2) stabilizing the body (e.g. standing on one leg).
Items 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 refer to task with objects, while items 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 refer
to body stabilization tasks[5 ]. For each item, respondents can answer: always the left (-2); often the left (−1);
both (0); often the right (1) and always the right (2). The items are then scored
from −2 to 2, and the total score can range from −20 to 20, according to the given
answers. From the sum of the items, the footedness can be classified as: left, for
scores between −20 to −7; mixed, for scores between −6 to 6 and right, for scores
between 7 and 20[5 ].
Translation
Initially, the items in the original version of the WFQ-R were independently translated
into Brazilian Portuguese by two native Brazilian speakers who had Brazilian Portuguese
as their mother tongue and were fluent in English. Only one of the translators was
aware of the results analyzed by the questionnaire. The other translator had no knowledge
of the concepts, being characterized as a “naive” translator. Therefore, two independent
versions (T1 and T2) were produced.
Synthesis
In order to develop the first Brazilian Portuguese version of the questionnaire, the
two translated versions of WFQ-R (T1 and T2) were compared and synthesized by an observer
and an initial consensus was obtained. The Brazilian Portuguese language version was
called the WFQ-R-Brazil.
Back translation
The first Brazilian Portuguese version of the WFQ-R (T1 and T2, WFQ-R-Brazil) was
back translated into English by two professional bilingual translators who were native
English speakers and fluent in Brazilian Portuguese. They did not have any knowledge
about the purpose of the instrument.
Following this, the two back-translated versions were compared with the original version
of the WFQ-R for validation and analysis of the translated version, to determine if
it reflected the same original meaning.
Expert committee review
A committee of three bilingual rehabilitation specialists independently analyzed the
semantic, idiomatic, experimental, and conceptual equivalences of the WFQ-R-Brazil[14 ], which was considered the prefinal version for field testing. During this phase,
committee members had access to the original English version, the Brazilian translation
and the back-translated version in English.
Committee meetings were regularly held to find the linguistic equivalence necessary
to create the prefinal version. The words judged not to be equivalent by one of the
members, and text adaptations, were reviewed and discussed to reach agreement on the
preliminary version applied to the Brazilian population (prefinal version).
Pretesting
The prefinal version ([Appendix ]) of the WFQ-R-Brazil was applied to 24 participants, 12 post-stroke hemiparesis
patients and 12 able-bodied individuals (hemiparesis and control groups), and the
cultural equivalence was tested. The sample was formed by convenience from the database
of the participants enrolled in the Community Program, located in the Federal District
of Brasília, Brazil.
The inclusion criteria for the hemiparesis group were: 1) to have a minimum period
of six months post-ischemic middle cerebral artery stroke, confirmed by computed tomography
of the skull, magnetic resonance imaging or clinical signs compatible with this type
of lesion[15 ], 2) to have a spastic hemiparesis as a motor sequela; 3) to be able to stand, either
using or not using an auxiliary device; 4) to sign the written informed consent form.
Individuals with another neurological disease (besides the stroke that caused the
hemiparesis) and/or orthopedic, cardiac, pulmonary and vestibular dysfunctions compromising
the ability to perform the tests were excluded.
The able-bodied individuals in the control group, who were recruited from the community
at large, were matched by gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) to obtain a sample
with characteristics normalized according to the participants from the hemiparesis
group. Any able-bodied individuals with neurological, orthopedic, cardiac, or pulmonary
diseases, and/or vestibular dysfunctions that compromised the ability to perform the
tests were excluded.
For both groups, those who: 1) reported pain during the procedures; 2) had detectable
cognitive alterations on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), considering cutoff
points of 13 for illiterates, 18 for individuals with schooling between one and seven
years, and 26 for those with schooling equal to or greater than eight years[16 ],[17 ], were also excluded.
The power of the test was calculated as recommended by Walter et al.[18 ] for sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies determined after the
end of the experiment. For the hemiparesis group, the power for repeated measures
during inter-rater reliability was 71% considering n = 12, significance level of α
= 0.05, acceptable reliability of 0.70, expected reliability of 0.86 and drop-out
of 0%. In the same group, the power was also calculated for repeated measures during
test/retest reliability resulting in a power of 98% considering n = 12, significance
level of α = 0.05, acceptable reliability of 0.70, expected reliability of 0.93 and
drop-out of 0%.
The inter-rater reliability for the control group showed a power of 75% considering
n = 12, significance level of α = 0.05, acceptable reliability of 0.70, expected reliability
of 0.88 and drop-out of 0%. In the same group, the power for repeated measures during
test/retest reliability resulted in a power of 48% considering n = 12, significance
level of α = 0.05, acceptable reliability of 0.70, expected reliability of 0.52 and
drop-out of 0%.
The participants were instructed by the researchers to complete the questionnaire,
taking the time required, and to take notes about the difficulties in understanding
the items, incomprehension of words or lack of clarity in the response options. For
those participants who were illiterate or semi-literate, the questionnaire was administered
by interview with a properly-trained examiner. After completing the questionnaire,
the individuals were asked about the difficulties encountered in understanding the
items and answers to the questions.
Before the reliability procedures, all participants were assessed by a physical therapist
who recorded descriptive variables (quantitative and qualitative) to characterize
the hemiparesis and control groups. The quantitative variables included age, body
mass index (BMI), and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)[19 ]. The qualitative variables included were gender, activity level, smoking, alcoholism
and gait assistive device users. For only the hemiparesis group, the quantitative
variables also included chronicity, Stroke-Specific Quality of Life[20 ], Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)[21 ], heminegligence and Pusher syndrome scores[22 ].
Inter-rater and test/retest reliability procedures
The hemiparesis (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups agreed to take part in the reliability
procedures designed to take place over two days (test and one-week retest). On the
first day (test), two independent raters interviewed the participants by applying
the WFQ-R-Brazil one after the other, within a minimum interval of 15 minutes between
them, recording the total score measured by Rater 1 and repeated by Rater 2.
On the second day, the retest, a new interview, reapplying the WFQ-R-Brazil, was conducted
by one of the two raters (Rater 1), who replicated the same steps accomplished in
the test. The retest was performed one week after the test with a maximum tolerance
of three days before or after one week.
Variables, data processing and statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were applied to define the quantitative and qualitative variables.
The central tendency (average) with dispersion (standard deviation) and frequency
distribution, characterized both groups (hemiparesis and control).
All descriptive quantitative variables taken from both groups were expressed as a
Gaussian distribution by the Shapiro-Wilks test. Therefore, the statistical inferences
between the groups were determined through parametric tests. Differences were detected
by the t-test for independent samples. The descriptive quantitative variables taken
only from the hemiparesis group were not expressed as a Gaussian distribution by the
Shapiro-Wilks test, so the statistical inferences were determined by a non-parametric
test – the Wilcoxon test. Frequency distributions were shown for descriptive qualitative
variables, and the discrepancies between the expected proportion of the hemiparesis
group and the observed proportions for the control group were analyzed with Fisher's
exact test.
The main variable, the score measured by the WFQ-R-Brazil, was recorded by the two
raters during the test and at the one-week retest (repeated measures). Only the repeated
measures taken from the hemiparesis group was expressed as a Gaussian distribution.
For this reason, the Pearson correlation test was applied for the repeated measures
in the hemiparesis group while Spearman's correlation test was applied for the repeated
measures in the control group. Positive correlation indexes (CI) were classified as:
poor (CI < 0.50), moderate (0.50 ≤ CI < 0.75), good (0.75 ≤ CI < 0.90) and excellent
(CI ≥ 0.90)[23 ],[24 ].
In order to evaluate the magnitude of the concordance between the repeated measures,
the analysis of the limits of agreement (LOA) plotted by the Bland-Altman method was
used for a 95% confidence interval. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for
all statistical tests. The program used for statistical analyses was GraphPad Prism
5.
RESULTS
The results of the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process followed the
same order described in the Methods, at their different stages, followed by the inter-rater
and test/retest reliability procedures using repeated measures taken by the WFQ-R-Brazil.
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation
We identified a few semantic, linguistic or cultural differences during the process
of the WFQ-Brazil translation and no serious discrepancies in the vocabulary. During
the pretesting, all questions were appropriately answered and comprehended by all
the participants.
In the review phase, by the committee of experts, some terms were replaced by others
more commonly used by Brazilian Portuguese speakers to facilitate understanding, without
affecting the meaning. For example, the term “insect” was replaced by “cockroach”,
as in Brazil, the insect most typically crushed by foot is the cockroach. The term
“train tracks” was replaced by “curb”, as the activity of “standing on one foot only,
on the train tracks” does not represent a routinely-performed activity in our population.
Therefore, we opted for “curb” because “standing on one foot only, on the curb” sounds
more Brazilian and requires the same task and demands on postural control. The same
occurred at the back-translation stage.
Characteristics of the groups tested
The hemiparesis group (n = 12) comprised an elderly sample (defined in Brazilian age
parameters as 60 years old), with weight status defined as overweight (25 > BMI >
29.9 kg/m2 ), and being predominantly female (75%), applying the same characteristics to the
control group, once it was formed, by age, BMI and gender matching ([Tables 1 ] and [2 ]).
Table 1
Characterization of the sample submitted to the WFQ-Brazil (quantitative variables).
Quantitative Variables (units)
Hemiparesis (n = 12)
Control (n = 12)
average
±
SD
average
±
SD
Age (years old)
61.83
±
12.88
61.08
±
12.28
BMI (kg/m2 )
2738
±
5.42
27.32
±
3.76
MMSE (points)
* 22.83
±
3.73
27.67
±
2.27
Chronicity (months)
** 95.58
±
81.13
not applied
SSQOL-Brazil (score)
169.50
±
28.39
not applied
COPM performance (score)
*** 5.17
±
3.78
not applied
COPM satisfaction (score)
*** 5.28
±
3.20
not applied
Heminegligence (dimensionless)
0.51
±
0.03
not applied
Pusher syndrome (score)
0.33
±
0.48
not applied
Quantitative variables are presented as average ± standard deviation (SD).
*significant (p < 0.05) differences between hemiparesis and control compared by Unpaired
t test;
**significant differences of the observed average when compared to the averages in
the study sample by Silva et al.23;
***significant differences of the observed average when compared to the averages in
the study sample by Wu et al.21. The averages compared with other studies that used
one sample t test. BMI: Body Mass Index; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; SSQOL:
Stroke-Specific Quality of Life; COPM: Canadian Occupational Performance Measure.
Table 2
Characterization of the sample submitted to the WFQ-Brazil (qualitative variables).
Qualitative variables
Control% (n)
Hemiparesis % (n)
Gender
Male
25 (03)
25 (03)
Female
75 (09)
75 (09)
Physical activity level
Sedentary
25 (03)
58 (07)
Active
75 (09)
42 (05)
Smoking
Smoker
08 (01)
00 (00)
Non-smoker
92 (11)
100 (12)
Alcohol
Occasional consumption
17 (02)
8 (01)
No consumption
83 (10)
92 (11)
Gait assistive device*
User
00 (00)
58 (07)
Not user
100 (12)
42 (05)
Qualitative variables are presented in absolute values (n) and relative (%) frequency
distribution.
*significant (p < 0.05) discrepancies when ratios in the control group (expected)
were different from the hemiparesis group (observed) as determined by Fisher's exact
test.
Despite the hemiparesis group having reached very nearly acceptable cognitive statuses
as measured by the MMSE ([Table 1 ]), a mild cognitive impairment was observed when compared with the control group.
Among the variables measured exclusively in the hemiparesis group, only chronicity
and COPM had values different from consulted references[23 ]. Thus, our hemiparesis group comprised people dealing with unilateral motor impairments
for longer than the participants in the study by Silva et al.[23 ] (28.50 months), had a quality of life typically found in those with a post-stroke
hemiparesis (scored 179.0), with a much better perception of their performance and
satisfaction measured by the COPM than the perception observed by Wu et al.[21 ], and were not diagnosed as heminegligent or a Pusher syndrome patient.
Qualitative variables recorded did not show discrepancies between proportions for
activity level (sedentary vs. active), smoking and alcoholism. However, a majority
of gait assistive device users was found in the hemiparesis group while no user was
present in the control group ([Table 2 ]).
Reliability analysis
The analysis of the inter-rater reliability obtained for the hemiparesis group showed
a good CI value (0.864, [Figure B ]), which was increased to excellent when comparing repeated measures taken in the
test/retest (0.927, [Figure D ]). The LOA was exactly the same (from −11.50 up to 12.16) for both reliabilities
([Figures B and D ]), with the majority of the repeated measures by raters, or presented small or no
significant deviation from zero in the retest.
Figure Bland-Altman plots. The plots in the left column (A and B) show the inter-rater comparison
between repeated measures for control (white circles, A) and hemiparesis (black circles,
B) groups. The plots in the right columns (C and D) show the test/retest comparison
in the same conditions. Upper and lower dashed lines show the bounds of a 95% range
of the limit of agreement (LOA), and the continuous line indicates zero values for
each graph. The correlation index (CI) between measures obtained during each test
by each rater are indicated for each graph.
The same analysis for the control group also showed a good CI value (0.875, [Figure A ]) when comparing repeated measures by raters. However, the repeated measures in the
retest presented a moderate CI value (0.523, [Figure B ]). The LOA in the inter-rater analysis showed a very narrow range from −5.79 to 5.961
([Figure A ]), while in the test/retest analysis the LOA was near the limits observed in the
hemiparesis group (from −11.61 up to 10.78, [Figure C ]). Almost all repeated measures taken by raters presented small or no significant
deviations from zero ([Figure A ]), differing from repeated measures taken between test/retest when two repeated measure
were in or out the LOA ([Figure C ]).
DISCUSSION
The cross-cultural adaptation of a questionnaire for use in a country, culture or
language, different from that for which it was developed, requires a specific method
to achieve equivalence between the original and translated versions[19 ]. Although widely used in research and clinical practice in different countries,
the WFQ-R had not been translated or adapted to Portuguese spoken in Brazil until
now. According to the search carried out by our research team, only the original version
(English) and a Greek version[25 ] were available to the public.
The cross-cultural adaptation process of the WFQ-R to Brazilian Portuguese revealed
some very particular adaptations during translation and back translation phases of
the instrument, with no substantial differences in the essential meaning.
Notably, in the review phase by our committee of experts, some adaptations were recommended
to improve understanding. For example, the term “insect” was replaced by “cockroach”
as cockroaches are the most common insects that Brazilian's use their feet to crush.
The term “train tracks” was replaced by “curb”: the step between the sidewalk and
the gutter of the pavement, as for Brazilian people, standing on one foot only on
the train tracks is not a commonly-performed task in our country. The replacements
represented similar meanings and task, and therefore maintained the equivalence[19 ]. The prefinal version of the WFQ-R-Brazil took no longer than five minutes to be
applied, confirming its quality of being an instrument quick and easy to use.
Once the WFQ-R-Brazil was ready to apply, we conducted the reliability procedures
in a sample of participants in the hemiparesis and control groups. The average age
of the hemiparesis group was 61.83 ± 12.88 years old, similar to the average age of
the participants taking part in other studies[7 ],[25 ],[26 ]. Considering gender, 75% of the participants with post-stroke hemiparesis in this
study were women, against the trend observed in other research studies, in which a
higher prevalence of men was found[27 ],[28 ]. Additionally, Pereira et al.[28 ], in a study on the prevalence of stroke in elderly citizens from the city of Vassouras,
in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, did not observe significant differences in
the ratios of men and women[28 ].
Both our groups had acceptable cognitive statuses, assessed by the MMSE, although
the participants in the hemiparesis group had lower scores. Memory, orientation, language
and attention deficits are commonly reported in elderly people with a history of post-stroke
hemiparesis[28 ]. Moreover, as 50% of the participants in the hemiparesis group only had schooling
ranging from one to four years, the lower schooling levels could have contributed
to the lower cognitive performance in this group[23 ],[25 ].
Our hemiparesis sample, made up of people living for a long period with their disability
(20 to 254 months), may have contributed to the increased quality of life shown by
the high scores in the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life-Brazil[23 ],[26 ],[28 ]. According to the activities identified in the COPM, the participants identified
activities related to functional mobility, such as independent gait (no need for assistive
device or having to be accompanied by third parties), and gait tolerance and the ability
to climb/descend stairs.
The results of the inter-rater and test/retest reliability for hemiparesis and control
groups did not exhibit the same repeatability behavior. Whereas for the participants
with post-stroke chronic hemiparesis, the repeated measures by different raters and
between tests resulted in good and excellent CI values with LOA ranging from −11.50
to 12.16; for the control group the repeated measures resulted in a good CI only observed
in the inter-rater reliability with a narrower range of the LOA than the range calculated
in the hemiparesis group. In addition, despite the LOA observed in the repeated measures
during retest for the control group having maintained the same range expressed in
the hemiparesis group, the CI value calculated from repeated measures between test
and retest for the control group showed a moderate reliability.
Although the repeatability parameters for both groups in the different analysis (inter-rater
and test/retest) have resulted in acceptable reliability for use, what could explain
the differences observed in the behavior of the measurements for different groups
and analysis?
An initial examination could have been suggested by focusing on the potential to change
opinions about the preferred foot in the control group, which was not observed in
the hemiparesis group. With exception of a single individual for whom the average
of the repeated measure by raters revealed a mixed footedness (outlier in the [Figure A ]), all the other participants from the control group showed a consistent right footedness,
identified by small or no differences between the repeated measures assessed by different
raters. However, in the retest, the differences between the repeated measures observed
in the control group increased, but was not able to change the average, the range
of variation still expressing right footedness.
On the other hand, the hemiparesis group expressed a very varied footedness – left,
mixed and right – probably influenced by the unilateral impairment in the affected
hemibody[7 ], and this did not change in the retest ([Figure B and D ]). Presumably, the post-stroke hemiparesis participants in the sample had no doubts
about their preferred foot, once they had to use the non-affected hemibody predominantly.
Considering that foot preference is commonly analyzed in bilateral tasks, Wang and
Newell[29 ] stated that it may be different in unilateral tasks. Thus, they propose that the
foot preference is dependent on the task and the context in which it is performed[3 ],[7 ], opening possibilities to changes of mind.
In conclusion, the Brazilian version of the WFQ-R-Brazil did not show semantic, linguistic
or cultural discrepancies that might suggest any restriction for its use by the Brazilian
population, with or without hemiparesis after stroke. Good-to-excellent reliabilities
were found for the hemiparesis group and good-to- moderate reliabilities were shown
by the control group, which was more susceptible to changes. Our results confirm that
the WFQ-R-Brazil produced a reliable measure to be used in clinical practice and in
research to identify the lower limb preferentially used in different types of tasks.
