Keywords
audiology - hyperacusis - speech perception - speech discrimination tests - tinnitus
Palavras-chave
audiologia - hiperacusia - percepção da fala - testes de discriminação da fala - zumbido
Introduction
Tinnitus is an audiological complaint increasingly considerable in the population
that must always be taken as the symptom of some disease or sequela of some aggression
undergone by the auditory system. It is characterized by an auditory perception not
coming from outside, original from one or both ears, or the head, without a definite
location[1]
[2].
According to the literature, this symptom affects between 14 and 32% of the population
and may be incapacitating in up to 5% of the cases[3].
One of the mostly known classifications for tinnitus is the existence of objective
and subjective tinnitus, the first is related to the perception of a sound by the
patient and by the examiner and the latter is related to the perception of a sound
only by the patient, but the fact that the same alteration may cause both objective
and subjective tinnitus limits the clinical application of this classification[4]
[5].
Currently the mostly accepted classification for tinnitus takes into account its original
source and the anatomophysiology of the auditory system, by dividing it into Auditory
tinnitus, that are caused by alterations to the ear, auditory pathways and auditory
cortex, and Vascular-Muscular-Auditory tinnitus, by vascular and muscular structures
close to the ear and auditory pathways[3].
Tinnitus is a symptom that may be caused by several otological, metabolic, neurological,
cardiovascular, pharmacological, odontological and psychological affections and even
by a combination of these affections[6]
[7].
The hyperacusis is an unproportional growth of the sound intensity sensation that
occurs within the auditory pathway, and causes a decrease of the sound tolerance,
generally followed by tinnitus. It is characterized by the discomfort with weak or
moderate intensity sound, irrespectively of the environment or situation in which
it occurs[8].
The prevalence of hyperacusis in the general population is uncertain, but about 25
to 40% of the patients with tinnitus also present with some degree of hyperacusis[9]. People with both symptoms feel more uncomfortable with hyperacusis than the tinnitus
itself[8].
Another study reported that from each 100 people with otological complaints, 20 are
affected by hyperacusis[10].
People with hyperacusis tend to prevent social interactions and situations like listening
to music, going to the theater, restaurants and movies, and in severe cases the constant
use of ear plugs is frequent[11].
The basic evaluation of hyperacusis is composed by detailed anamnesis connected to
Tonal and Vocal Audiometry, Imitanciometry and research of Loudness Discomfort Level
- LDL[12], considering the level of discomfort to be hyperacoustic when the results found
in two or more frequencies of 250 to 8000 Hz are lower than 90 dB[13].
All efferent fibers original from the most different points of the central nervous
system are organized at the level of the Superior Olivary Complex (SOC). From this
point, they go down towards the cochlea through two distinct tracts, the Medial Olivary
Cochlear Tract, had as the final destiny, the external hair cells (EHC) and the Lateral
Olivary Cochlear Tract, responsible for the innervation of the inner hair cells (IHC)[14]
[15].
The fibers of the Medial Olivary Cochlear System (MOCS) are originated in the primary
auditory cortex, pass through the thalamus and the lower colliculus and arrive at
the SOC. From this point, the fibers that originate the MOCS cross the middle line
at the level of the IV ventricle floor and get into the cochlea superposed to the
lower vestibular nerve fibers through the Oort's vestibulo-cochlear anastomosis[15].
Among the MOCS' functions, there is the auditory figure-bottom ability by which we
can concentrate in the sound source and abstain from the bottom noise that, in spite
of being an activity of the cortical upper centers, occurs by means of efferent neurons
in which the cortex can modulate the afferent message somehow, and the corticothalamic
olivary pathway is probably in charge of this selective attention and the cochlear
modulation[15]
[16]
[17].
We remark that through the medial olivary-cochlear tract the MOCS modulates the EHCs
and a disorder to this system would be able to generate the mechanisms of tinnitus[15] and hyperacusis[8].
Therefore, due to the participation of the MOCS in the recognition of the auditory
stimuli in the presence of competitive noise, the importance of this work is justified
aiming to evaluate the speech recognition, in silence and in noise, of normal-hearing
individuals and with complaints of tinnitus and hyperacusis, through the test Lists
of Sentences in Portuguese (LSP), prepared by Costa in 1998[18] and compare the results obtained in both groups.
Method
This study was performed in the Phonoaudiological Service of the Federal University
of Santa Maria (UFSM) and is connected to the research project entitled “Research
and Database in Auditory Health”, registered in the Office of Projects of the Health
Sciences Center of UFSM under no. 019731 and approved in the Ethics Committee in Research
under no. 0138.0.243.000-06 in 12/05/2006.
It composes a descriptive, experimental and transversal study in which 19 normal-hearing
individuals were evaluated with complaints of tinnitus and hyperacusis, who formed
the study group (SG), 11 of the female sex and 8 of the male sex, aged between the
range from 21 to 59 years old, and 23 normal hearing individuals without audiological
complaints who formed the control group (CG), 13 female and 10 male, between the age
range of 19 and 46 years old. All participants, both from the SG and the CG, accepted
to take part as volunteers in the study and signed the Free and Informed Consent Term.
Out of which, the results obtained from 29 ears of the SG that presented with tinnitus,
hyperacusis and normal hearing in the frequencies of 0.25 to 8 kHz and 46 ears of
the CG were considered.
The selection of the individuals was carried out through the media (site, radio and
television of the Federal University of Santa Maria and local and regional papers)
by means of which information was provided on the study and the relevant audiological
symptoms. The persons interested contacted and those who were qualified for the study
criteria were scheduled for evaluations.
As an inclusion criterion it was necessary that the SG individuals had complaints
of tinnitus and hyperacusis, differently from the CG individuals, who should not present
with audiological complaints, and all the individuals from both groups had to have
normal hearing in the frequencies from 0.25 to 8 kHz.
Initially all participants were submitted to audiological anamnesis, visual inspection
of the external acoustic meatus, threshold and vocal tonal audiometry and acoustic
immittance measures, to confirm the presence of normal hearing in the frequencies
of 0.25 to 8 kHz in both ears and absence of changes of external and/or middle ear.
In the necessary cases, we forwarded for otorhinolaryngological consultation.
For analysis of the tinnitus, the questionnaire Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI),
prepared by Newman, Jacobson & Spitzer
[19] was applied and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese in 2005[20]. The questionnaire is composed by 25 questions in which the answers are “yes, no,
or sometimes” and the marking is of 4, 0 and 2, respectively, and according to the
sum, the tinnitus is characterized as degree 1 (0 - 16), slight (only realized in
silent places), degree 2 (18 - 36) - light (easily masked by environmental noises
and easily forgotten with daily activities), degree 3 (38 - 56) - moderate (realized
in the presence of bottom noise, although daily activities may still be done), degree
4 (58 - 76) - severe (almost always realized, takes to disorders of the sleep standards
and may interfere with daily activities), and degree 5 (78 - 100) - catastrophic (always
realizing disorders in the sleep standards, difficulty to do any activity).
For analysis of hyperacusis, the individuals were submitted to LDL in the frequencies
of 0.25 to 8 kHz in both ears that, as proposed by Goldstein e Shulman
[13], is classified in negative degree (threshold of discomfort 95 dB or more in all
frequencies), light (threshold of discomfort 80-90 dB in two or more frequencies),
moderate (threshold of discomfort 65-75 dB in two or more frequencies), and severe
(threshold of discomfort 60 dB or less in two or more frequencies).
All individuals taking part in the study, both in the SG and the CG, were submitted
to the LSP to determine the Sentences Recognition Threshold in Silence (LRSS) and
the Sentences Recognition Threshold in Noise (LRSR). The latter is expressed through
the Signal-Noise ratio (S/N) that is the difference between the average intensity
of presentation of sentences less the noise, fixed at 65 dB NA.
The test is composed by a list of 25 sentences called 1A[21], other seven lists, each with 10 phonetically balanced sentences, all with simple
structure and period and extension ranging from four to seven words, which were called
1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B and 7B[22]
[23] and a noise with spectrum of speech[24]. Finally, Costa
[18] gathered in a book and CD the material developed in these studies, by presenting
LSP test application results and strategies, in addition to bringing the sentences
(1A and 1B to 7B) and the noise with the same spectrum of speech, reproduced in CD
and recorded from the original matrix.
The measures were obtained in acoustically treated cabin, by using Fonix brand two-channel
audiometer, model FA-12, and TDH 39 ear plugs. The sentences were presented through
a Compact Disc Player Digital Toshiba, model 4149, coupled to the audiometer.
In the LSP application, a training was initially held through the presentation of
the 1A list sentences, both in silence and in the presence of competitive noise, so
that the individuals got used to the evaluation. For obtaining LRSS and LRSR, the
initial intensity of stimulus presentation was of about 5 dB above the required for
each individual to obtain a hit in the recognition of the first sentence based on
the training carried out previously.
The stimulus presentation interval was of dB NA up to the first change in the response
pattern and later the intervals changed from 2.5 dB NA between each other to the end
of the list. Moreover, in the LRSR research the noise was maintained constantly at
65 dB NA.
As noticed by the author of the material, through the spectrographic analysis and
based on the researches results, the existence of a difference of 7 dB between speech
and noise, a procedure was adopted for the calculation of the LRSS and LRSR, a subtraction
of 7 dB from the average speech values presented and registered, according to the
observation on the equipment's dial.
The technique used for presentation of the sentences was based on the ascending-descending
sequential or adaptive strategy, described by Levitt and Rabinner
[25], which allowed us to determine the speech recognition threshold, level required
for the individual to identify properly, about 50% of the stimuli presented.
After performance of the procedures the individuals were given guidelines on the evaluations
carried out and the relevant audiological symptoms.
The statistical analysis was carried out through the program Stata 10.0 - Statistics
/ Data Analysis. To review the variable behavior, we used the normality test Skewness
and kurtosis test. After confirming the normal distribution of data, the performance
of the CG and SG individuals was compared by using the Student T-test. To correlate
the SG individuals' performance according to the degree of the audiological symptoms,
the Pearson's Correlation test was applied. The p < 0.05 was deemed to be a significant
result with reliability interval of 95%.
Results
In [Tables 1] and [2] the descriptive analysis of the results of variables considered in the Control Group
and the Study Group will be described, respectively, by remarking that all variables
of both groups have followed a normal distribution.
Table 1.
Descriptive measures of the Three-tone Average for frequencies of 0.5, 1 e 2 kHz (MT),
Sentences Recognition Threshold in Silence (LRSS) and Signal-Noise ratio (S/N) of
the Control Group (n = 46 ears).
|
Average
|
Medium
|
Deviation Standard
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
|
MT (dB NA)
|
10,83
|
10
|
4,01
|
0,2
|
18,33
|
|
LRSS (dB NA)
|
7,34
|
6,9
|
3,29
|
1,75
|
15,7
|
|
S/N (dB)
|
−6,77
|
−7
|
1,99
|
−10,2
|
−2
|
Table 2.
Descriptive measures of the Three-tone Average for frequencies of 0.5, 1 e 2 kHz (MT),
Sentences Recognition Threshold in Silence (LRSS) and Signal-Noise ratio (S/N), tinnitus
and hyperacusis of the Study Group (n = 32 ears).
|
Average
|
Medium
|
Deviation Standard
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
|
MT (dB NA)
|
7,18
|
5
|
4,68
|
1,66
|
16,66
|
|
LRSS (dB NA)
|
7,20
|
6,54
|
5,30
|
−1,64
|
20,7
|
|
S/N (dB)
|
−4,89
|
−4,77
|
2,43
|
−9,77
|
0,22
|
|
Zumbido:
|
2
|
2
|
0,95
|
1
|
4
|
|
Hyperacusis
|
2
|
3
|
0,80
|
1
|
4
|
By comparing the performance on the speech recognition in silence, among the normal
hearing individuals with and without tinnitus and hyperacusis audiological complaints,
we noticed the participants of both groups had a similar performance in this communication
scenario, as described in [Table 3].
Table 3.
Comparison of the Sentences Recognition Threshold in Silence (LRSS) between the Control
Group (CG) and the Study Group (SG).
|
LRSS (dB NA)
|
T-Test of Student
|
|
CG
|
7,34
|
p = 0.4499
|
|
SG
|
7,20
|
|
* There is statistically significant difference: T-Test of Student (p < 0.05).
In the situation of speech recognition in noise, we observed a lower performance of
the SG when compared with the CG, including statistically significant difference (p < 0.05)
- [Table 4].
Table 4.
Comparison of the Signal/Noise ratio (S/N) between the Control Group (CG) and the
Study Group (SG).
|
S/N (dB)
|
T-Test of Student
|
|
CG
|
−6,77
|
p = 0,0002*
|
|
SG
|
−4,89
|
|
* There is statistically significant difference: T-Test of Student (p < 0.05).
When comparing degrees 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of tinnitus and the negative, light, moderate
and severe degrees of hyperacusis, the performance of the SG individuals in the speech
recognition in silence and in noise, we did not verify any correlation between the
different degrees of the audiological symptoms and the speech recognition, both in
silence and in noise - [Table 5].
Table 5.
Correlation between degrees 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of tinnitus and negative, light, moderate
and severe degree of hyperacusis with Sentences Recognition Threshold in Silence (LRSS)
and Signal/Noise ratio (S/N).
|
Tinnitus
|
Hyperacusis
|
|
LRSS (dB NA)
|
0,1003
|
0,2417
|
|
S/N (dB)
|
−0,1778
|
−0,2772
|
* There is statistically significant difference: Correlation of Pearson (p < 0.05).
Discussion
The results obtained from the evaluation carried out show that the speech recognition
in silence is similar in the normal hearing individuals without audiological complaints
of tinnitus and hyperacusis, the LRSS obtained for the CG was of 7.34 dB NA and for
the SG of 7.20 dB NA.
The fact that the SG normal hearing individuals with audiological complaints behaved
in the same manner in silence as the CG normal hearing individuals without audiological
complaints, confirms the capacity for speech recognition in silence is bound to the
tonal thresholds.
Prior studies have already confirmed such relationship between the audibility itself
and the speech recognition in silence as previously performed[26] in which 240 young adults were evaluated in silence and obtained an LRSS in 6.2 dB
NA, compatible with the average of the three-tone thresholds, 7.22 dB NA in the frequencies
of 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz.
This correlation between the audibility thresholds and LRSS was also confirmed by
another study[27], in which the average LRSS obtained in 200 ears examined was 6.15 dB NA and the
average of tonal thresholds for the frequencies of 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz, 8.55 dB NA, and
the statistical analysis confirmed a significant correlation between them.
By reviewing the three-tone averages and the LRSS of the individuals in this study,
we noticed in the CG the tonal threshold average for frequencies of 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz
was of 10.83 dB NA and the LRSS, 7.34 dB NA, with better values for the LRSS. The
same was found in studies carried out previously, in which the authors stated this
is expected, since the sentences provide acoustic and linguistic clues with meaning[26]
[27].
By taking into account the same variables in the SG, we notice it is not the case,
and the average of the tonal thresholds for frequencies 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz in 7.18 dB
NA and the LRSS, 7.20 dB NA is quite similar. This may be related to the difficulty
for the individuals to draw their attention from their tinnitus, with specific frequency
and intensity, and be attentive to the acoustic information.
As for the unfavorable communication scenario, in the presence of competitive noise,
we noticed the CG had an average S/N ratio of −6.77 dB, minimum S/N ratio of −2 dB
and maximum ratio of -10.2, and the SG had an average S/N ratio of −4.89 dB, minimum
of 0.22 dB and maximum of −9.77 dB, respectively, by confirming that despite all of
them are normal-hearing individuals, the performance in this situation was different,
and the SG obtained a lower performance when compared to the CG, with a statistically
significant difference for the mean S/N ratio, and the minimum value for the S/N ratio
of the SG was positive.
It's worth emphasizing that when it comes to the S/N ratio, the higher the negative
number, the more unfavorable it will be and the better the performance of the subjects
upon the competitive noise will be too.
Considering in this context the participation of the MOCS in the recognition of auditory
stimuli in the presence of competitive noise[15]
[16]
[17], and that a disorder in this system is connected to the mechanisms of tinnitus[15] and hyperacusis[8], the normal hearing individuals who have complaints of tinnitus and hyperacusis
may have a damage in such communication situations due to a change to the functioning
of the efferent fibers of MOCS to keep the selective attention and a suitable cochlear
modulation.
Moreover, we standout that when it comes to the recognition of the speech in noise,
slight variations in the S/N ratio may provoke large changes to the capacity to recognize
the speech. Some studies state that at each 1 dB of change to the S/N ratio, the speech
understanding may be changed in 12%[28], 13.2%[29] and 18%[30].
Therefore, by making a scheme based on the study described above[28], also accomplished through the LSP[18], the difference in the S/N ratio confirmed between the SG and the CG of 1.88 dB
may indicate a damage of about 22.56% for normal hearing individuals with complaints
of tinnitus and hyperacusis to recognize the speech in the presence of competitive
noise.
Other results regarding the performance in the recognition of speech in the presence
of competitive noise of young normal hearing adults, obtained through the same evaluation
instrument were described by other authors who have found an average S/N ratio of
−5.29 dB from the evaluation of 240 individual[26], mean S/N ratios of −6.34 dB[31], −8.02 dB NA in the right ear and −7.41 dB NA in the left ear[32] and −6.31 dB NA in the right ear and −6.68 dB NA in the left ear[33].
By reviewing and comparing the findings mentioned above, with those from the CG, −6.77 dB,
we verified that these are close to them, and even better than those found in a prior
study[26], −5.29 dB, that proposed to set up normality values evaluating a higher number of
participants. However, the SG was below such values, −4.89 dB, as well as all other
mentioned researches, which reinforces the higher difficulty of such normal hearing
individuals with complaints of tinnitus and hyperacusis to recognize the speech in
noise.
When the intergroup performance of the normal hearing individuals with complaint of
tinnitus and hyperacusis is analyzed as for speech recognition in silence and noise,
no correlation was confirmed between the different degrees of the audiological symptoms,
tinnitus and hyperacusis, both with LRSS and S/N ratio.
The fact the degree of tinnitus and hyperacusis is determined based on subjective
measures, the THI and LDL questionnaire, in which the individual regards with which
frequency the symptom interferes with the specified situation and the uncomfortable
intensity for the frequencies of 0.25 to 8 kHz, respectively, may make the precise
measurement of the variables bound to the degree of the relevant symptoms difficult
and thus influence the correlation with the performance in speech recognition in silence
and noise.
Conclusion
The findings of this study indicate the normal hearing individuals with or without
audiological complaints of tinnitus and hyperacusis had a similar performance in the
speech recognition in silence.
The results indicate that it was not noticed when the speech recognition is evaluated
in the presence of competitive noise, and the normal hearing individuals with tinnitus
and hyperacusis had a lower level performance in this communication scenario when
compared to the normal hearing individuals, with rather statistically significant
difference.
We also confirmed the different degrees of the audiological symptoms of normal hearing
individuals and complaints of tinnitus and hyperacusis do not interfere with the performance
to recognize the speech, both in silence and in noise.
Based on the probable influence the presence of tinnitus and hyperacusis have on the
speech recognition in noise it would be critical that measures evaluating the auditory
capacities were presented as a compliment of routine audiological evaluation in case
of patients with such complaints, even in the absence of the audibility involvement.
Moreover, we standout the discomfort of the individual that mentions such complaints
and the reflex on the life quality, from a clinical viewpoint, since the symptoms
are a consequence of some change to the auditory system and/or in other organs, the
operation of a multidisciplinary staff may be valid, which involves psychiatrists
or psychologists, neurologists, endocrinologists, cardiologists, dentists and physiotherapists,
in addition of the otorhinolaryngologist and phonoaudiologist aiming to the investigation
and possible treatments.
Therefore, there is the possibility to dimension the consequences of such complaints
in the patient's communication and intervene in a personalized manner in the possible
causes and impacts of each case in an attempt to mitigate the audiological complaints
and improve the quality of life and welfare of the individual.
