Nuklearmedizin 2018; 57(04): 146-152
DOI: 10.3413/2018-06-0001
Positionspapier – Policy paper
Georg Thieme Verlag

Positionspapier Nuklearkardiologie – Update 2018[**]

Aktueller Stand der klinischen AnwendungPolicy paper nuclear cardiology – update 2018Current status of clinical practice
Oliver Lindner
1   Institut für Radiologie, Nuklearmedizin und Molekulare Bildgebung, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Bad Oeynhausen
,
Johann Bauersachs
2   Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
,
Frank M. Bengel
3   Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
,
Wolfgang Burchert
1   Institut für Radiologie, Nuklearmedizin und Molekulare Bildgebung, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Bad Oeynhausen
,
Jürgen vom Dahl
4   Klinik für Kardiologie, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH, Mönchengladbach
,
Rolf Dörr
5   Praxisklinik Herz und Gefäße, Dresden
,
Marcus Hacker
6   Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien
,
Malte Kelm*
7   Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universität Düsseldorf
,
Tienush Rassaf
8   Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen
,
Christoph Rischpler
9   Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen
,
Wolfgang Schäfer
10   Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH, Mönchengladbach
,
Michael A. Schäfers
12   European Institute for Molecular Imaging – EIMI, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
,
Sigmund Silber
13   Kardiologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, München
,
Rainer Zimmermann
14   Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Pforzheim GmbH
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Korrespondenzadresse

Prof. Dr. Oliver Lindner
Herzund Diabeteszentrum NRW
Institut für Molekulare Biophysik
Rardiopharmazie und Nuklearmedizin
32545 Bad Oeynhausen

Publication History

received: 18 June 2018

accepted: 18 June 2018

Publication Date:
24 July 2018 (online)

 

Zusammenfasung

Das gemeinsame Positionspapier der Arbeitsgemeinschaft „Kardiovaskuläre Nuklearmedizin” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN) und der Arbeitsgruppe „Nuklearkardiologische Diagnostik” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (DGK) aktualisiert das Positionspapier aus dem Jahr 2009. Es gibt einen Überblick über die Einsatzbereiche, den State of the Art und den aktuellen Stellenwert der nuklearkardiologischen Bildgebung. Behandelt werden die Themenfelder der chronischen KHK einschließlich der Vitalitätsdiagnostik, ferner der Kardiomyopathien, der entzündlichen Endokarditiden, der kardialen Sarkoidose und Amyloidose.


#

Summary

The joint position paper of the working community “Cardiovascular Nuclear Medicine” of the German Society of Nuclear Medicine (DGN) and the working group “Nuclear Cardiology Diagnostics” of the German Cardiac Society (DKG) updates the former 2009 paper. It is the purpose of this paper to provide an overview about the application fields, the state-of-the-art and the current value of nuclear cardiology imaging. The topics covered are chronic coronary artery disease, including viability imaging, furthermore cardiomyopathies, infective endocarditis, cardiac sarcoidosis and amyloidosis.


#

 


#

Interessenkonflikt

Die Interessenkonflikte der Autoren sind online deklariert unter: https://leitlinien.dgk.org/

* Für die Kommission für Klinische Kardiovaskuläre Medizin der DGK; Im Namen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft „Kardiovaskuläre Nuklearmedizin” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN) und der Arbeitsgruppe „Nuklearkardiologische Diagnostik” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie, Herzund Kreislaufforschung (DGK)


** Dieses Positionspapier erscheint in den Zeitschriften „Der Kardiologe” 05/2018 und „Nuklearmedizin” 4/2018.


  • Literatur

  • 1 Agostini D, Marie PY, Ben-Haim S. et al. Performance of cardiac cadmium-zinc-telluride gamma camera imaging in coronary artery disease: a review from the cardiovascular committee of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43: 2423-2432.
  • 2 Axer A, Hermann S. Harnessing the Maltodextrin Transport Mechanism for Targeted Bacterial Imaging: Structural Requirements for Improved in vivo Stability in Tracer Design. ChemMedChem 2018; 13: 241-250.
  • 3 Bax JJ, Delgado V. Myocardial viability as integral part of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to ischemic heart failure. J Nucl Cardiol 2015; 22: 229-245.
  • 4 Benz DC, Templin C, Kaufmann PA. et al. Ultralow-dose hybrid single photon emission computed tomography and coronary computed tomography angiography: a comprehensive and non-invasive diagnostic workup of suspected coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 3345.
  • 5 Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz. Bekanntmachung der aktualisierten diagnostischen Referenzwerte für nuklearmedizinische Untersuchungen Vom 25. September 2012. Veröffentlicht am Freitag; 19 Oktober 2012 BAnz AT 19.10.2012 B5.
  • 6 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. Nationale Versorgungs-Leitlinie Chronische KHK (Langfassung) 4. Auflage 2016; AWMF-Register-Nr.: nvl-004. Kurzfassung: Albus C, Barkhausen J, Fleck E, Haasenritter J, Lindner O, Silber S. für die Leitliniengruppe NVL Chronische KHK Diagnostik der chronischen koronaren Herzkrankheit Klinische Leitlinie. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2017; 114: 712-719.
  • 7 Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E. et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 2636-2648 2648a-2648d.
  • 8 Caobelli F, Wollenweber T, Bavendiek U. et al. Simultaneous dual-isotope solid-state detector SPECT for improved tracking of white blood cells in suspected endocarditis. Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 436-443.
  • 9 Chareonthaitawee P, Beanlands RS, Chen W. et al. Joint SNMMI-ASNC Expert Consensus Document on the Role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in Cardiac Sarcoid Detection and Therapy Monitoring. J Nucl Med 2017; 58: 1341-1353.
  • 10 Dörr R. Ischemia Studie – Rationale, Design und bisheriger Randomisierungsstatus. Nuklearmediziner 2017; 40: 48-53.
  • 11 Einstein AJ, Blankstein R, Andrews H. et al. Comparison of image quality, myocardial perfusion, and left ventricular function between standard imaging and single-injection ultra-low-dose imaging using a high-efficiency SPECT camera: the MILLISIEVERT study. J Nucl Med 2014; 55: 1430-1437.
  • 12 Erba PA, Conti U, Lazzeri E. et al. Added value of 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte SPECT/CT in the characterization and management of patients with infectious endocarditis. J Nucl Med 2012; 53: 1235-1243.
  • 13 Falk RH, Alexander KM, Liao R. et al. AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68: 1323-1341.
  • 14 Frantz S, Buerke M, Horstkotte D. et al. Kommentar zu den 2015 – Leitlinien der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie zur Infektiösen Endokarditits. Kardiologe 2016; 10: 142-148.
  • 15 Gomes A, Glaudemans A, Touw DJ. et al. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: e1-e14.
  • 16 Gould KL, Johnson NP, Bateman TM. et al. Anatomic versus physiologic assessment of coronary artery disease. Role of coronary flow reserve, fractional flow reserve, and positron emission tomography imaging in revascularization decisionmaking. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1639-1653.
  • 17 Greenwood JP, Ripley DP, Berry C. et al. Effect of Care Guided by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy, or NICE Guidelines on Subsequent Unnecessary Angiography Rates: The CE-MARC 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016; 316: 1051-1060.
  • 18 Gulati V, Ching G, Heller GV. The role of radionuclide imaging in heart failure. J Nucl Cardiol 2013; 20: 1173-1183.
  • 19 Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ. et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 3075-3128.
  • 20 Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD. et al. Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 2003; 107: 2900-2907.
  • 21 Hsu B, Chen FC, Wu TC. et al. Quantitation of myocardial blood flow and myocardial flow reserve with 99mTc-sestamibi dynamic SPECT/CT to enhance detection of coronary artery disease. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2014; 41: 2294-2306.
  • 22 Hyafil F, Rouzet F, Lepage L. et al. Role of radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy in patients with a suspicion of prosthetic valve endocarditis and inconclusive echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 586-594.
  • 23 Juneau D, Golfam M, Hazra S. et al. Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: e005772.
  • 24 Kajander S, Joutsiniemi E, Saraste M. et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease. Circulation 2010; 122: 603-613.
  • 25 Knuuti J, Bengel F, Bax JJ. et al. Risks and benefits of cardiac imaging: an analysis of risks related to imaging for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 633-638.
  • 26 Liga R, Vontobel J, Rovai D. et al. Multicentre multi-device hybrid imaging study of coronary artery disease: results from the EValuation of INtegrated Cardiac Imaging for the Detection and Characterization of Ischaemic Heart Disease (EVINCI) hybrid imaging population. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17: 951-960.
  • 27 Lindner O, Bengel F, Burchert W. et al. Myokard-Perfusions-SPECT (DGN Handlungsempfehlung (S1-Leitlinie)). 2017 AWMF Registernummer 031–006.. www.awmf.org
  • 28 Lindner O, Burchert W, Schäfer W. et al. Myocardial perfusion SPECT 2015 in Germany. Results of the 7th survey. Nuklearmedizin 2017; 56: 31-38.
  • 29 Marques KM, Knaapen P, Boellaard R. et al. Microvascular function in viable myocardium after chronic infarction does not influence fractional flow reserve measurements. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 1987-1992.
  • 30 McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD. et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 803-869.
  • 31 Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S. et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 2949-3003.
  • 32 O’Meara E, Mielniczuk LM, Wells GA. et al. Alternative Imaging Modalities in Ischemic Heart Failure (AIMI-HF) IMAGE HF Project I-A: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14: 218.
  • 33 Packard RR, Huang SC, Dahlbom M. et al. Absolute quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with or without myocardial ischemia using dynamic flurpiridaz F 18 PET. J Nucl Med 2014; 55: 1438-1444.
  • 34 Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, Pettersson GB. et al. 2016; The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: Executive summary. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 153: 1241-1258 e1229.
  • 35 Rouzet F, Chequer R, Benali K. et al. Respective performance of 18F-FDG PET and radiolabeled leukocyte scintigraphy for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Nucl Med 2014; 55: 1980-1985.
  • 36 Schaap J, De Groot JA, Nieman K. et al. Added value of hybrid myocardial perfusion SPECT and CT coronary angiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15: 1281-1288.
  • 37 Schäfers M, Bengel F, Bull U. et al. Position paper nuclear cardiology: update 2008. Nuklearmedizin 2009; 48: 71-78.
  • 38 Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Poldermans D. et al. Hibernating myocardium: diagnosis and patient outcomes. Curr Probl Cardiol 2007; 32: 375-410.
  • 39 Slart R, Glaudemans A, Lancellotti P. et al. A joint procedural position statement on imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis: from the Cardiovascular and Inflammation & Infection Committees of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, and the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25: 298-319.
  • 40 Sohns JM, Bavendiek U, Ross TL. et al. Targeting Cardiovascular Implant Infection: Multimodality and Molecular Imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: e005376.
  • 41 Soman P, Lahiri A, Mieres JH. et al. Etiology and pathophysiology of new-onset heart failure: evaluation by myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16: 82-91.
  • 42 Verberne HJ, Acampa W, Anagnostopoulos C. et al. EANM procedural guidelines for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging with SPECT and SPECT/CT: 2015 revision. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42: 1929-1940.
  • 43 Vrachimis A, Honold L, Faust A. et al. New molecular probes of vascular inflammation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 60: 194-204.
  • 44 Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F. et al. 2014 ESC/ EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2541-2619.
  • 45 Wollenweber T, Bengel FM. Cardiac molecular imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2014; 44: 386-397.

Korrespondenzadresse

Prof. Dr. Oliver Lindner
Herzund Diabeteszentrum NRW
Institut für Molekulare Biophysik
Rardiopharmazie und Nuklearmedizin
32545 Bad Oeynhausen

  • Literatur

  • 1 Agostini D, Marie PY, Ben-Haim S. et al. Performance of cardiac cadmium-zinc-telluride gamma camera imaging in coronary artery disease: a review from the cardiovascular committee of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43: 2423-2432.
  • 2 Axer A, Hermann S. Harnessing the Maltodextrin Transport Mechanism for Targeted Bacterial Imaging: Structural Requirements for Improved in vivo Stability in Tracer Design. ChemMedChem 2018; 13: 241-250.
  • 3 Bax JJ, Delgado V. Myocardial viability as integral part of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to ischemic heart failure. J Nucl Cardiol 2015; 22: 229-245.
  • 4 Benz DC, Templin C, Kaufmann PA. et al. Ultralow-dose hybrid single photon emission computed tomography and coronary computed tomography angiography: a comprehensive and non-invasive diagnostic workup of suspected coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 3345.
  • 5 Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz. Bekanntmachung der aktualisierten diagnostischen Referenzwerte für nuklearmedizinische Untersuchungen Vom 25. September 2012. Veröffentlicht am Freitag; 19 Oktober 2012 BAnz AT 19.10.2012 B5.
  • 6 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. Nationale Versorgungs-Leitlinie Chronische KHK (Langfassung) 4. Auflage 2016; AWMF-Register-Nr.: nvl-004. Kurzfassung: Albus C, Barkhausen J, Fleck E, Haasenritter J, Lindner O, Silber S. für die Leitliniengruppe NVL Chronische KHK Diagnostik der chronischen koronaren Herzkrankheit Klinische Leitlinie. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2017; 114: 712-719.
  • 7 Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E. et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 2636-2648 2648a-2648d.
  • 8 Caobelli F, Wollenweber T, Bavendiek U. et al. Simultaneous dual-isotope solid-state detector SPECT for improved tracking of white blood cells in suspected endocarditis. Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 436-443.
  • 9 Chareonthaitawee P, Beanlands RS, Chen W. et al. Joint SNMMI-ASNC Expert Consensus Document on the Role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in Cardiac Sarcoid Detection and Therapy Monitoring. J Nucl Med 2017; 58: 1341-1353.
  • 10 Dörr R. Ischemia Studie – Rationale, Design und bisheriger Randomisierungsstatus. Nuklearmediziner 2017; 40: 48-53.
  • 11 Einstein AJ, Blankstein R, Andrews H. et al. Comparison of image quality, myocardial perfusion, and left ventricular function between standard imaging and single-injection ultra-low-dose imaging using a high-efficiency SPECT camera: the MILLISIEVERT study. J Nucl Med 2014; 55: 1430-1437.
  • 12 Erba PA, Conti U, Lazzeri E. et al. Added value of 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte SPECT/CT in the characterization and management of patients with infectious endocarditis. J Nucl Med 2012; 53: 1235-1243.
  • 13 Falk RH, Alexander KM, Liao R. et al. AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68: 1323-1341.
  • 14 Frantz S, Buerke M, Horstkotte D. et al. Kommentar zu den 2015 – Leitlinien der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie zur Infektiösen Endokarditits. Kardiologe 2016; 10: 142-148.
  • 15 Gomes A, Glaudemans A, Touw DJ. et al. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: e1-e14.
  • 16 Gould KL, Johnson NP, Bateman TM. et al. Anatomic versus physiologic assessment of coronary artery disease. Role of coronary flow reserve, fractional flow reserve, and positron emission tomography imaging in revascularization decisionmaking. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1639-1653.
  • 17 Greenwood JP, Ripley DP, Berry C. et al. Effect of Care Guided by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy, or NICE Guidelines on Subsequent Unnecessary Angiography Rates: The CE-MARC 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016; 316: 1051-1060.
  • 18 Gulati V, Ching G, Heller GV. The role of radionuclide imaging in heart failure. J Nucl Cardiol 2013; 20: 1173-1183.
  • 19 Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ. et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 3075-3128.
  • 20 Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD. et al. Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 2003; 107: 2900-2907.
  • 21 Hsu B, Chen FC, Wu TC. et al. Quantitation of myocardial blood flow and myocardial flow reserve with 99mTc-sestamibi dynamic SPECT/CT to enhance detection of coronary artery disease. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2014; 41: 2294-2306.
  • 22 Hyafil F, Rouzet F, Lepage L. et al. Role of radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy in patients with a suspicion of prosthetic valve endocarditis and inconclusive echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 586-594.
  • 23 Juneau D, Golfam M, Hazra S. et al. Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: e005772.
  • 24 Kajander S, Joutsiniemi E, Saraste M. et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease. Circulation 2010; 122: 603-613.
  • 25 Knuuti J, Bengel F, Bax JJ. et al. Risks and benefits of cardiac imaging: an analysis of risks related to imaging for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 633-638.
  • 26 Liga R, Vontobel J, Rovai D. et al. Multicentre multi-device hybrid imaging study of coronary artery disease: results from the EValuation of INtegrated Cardiac Imaging for the Detection and Characterization of Ischaemic Heart Disease (EVINCI) hybrid imaging population. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17: 951-960.
  • 27 Lindner O, Bengel F, Burchert W. et al. Myokard-Perfusions-SPECT (DGN Handlungsempfehlung (S1-Leitlinie)). 2017 AWMF Registernummer 031–006.. www.awmf.org
  • 28 Lindner O, Burchert W, Schäfer W. et al. Myocardial perfusion SPECT 2015 in Germany. Results of the 7th survey. Nuklearmedizin 2017; 56: 31-38.
  • 29 Marques KM, Knaapen P, Boellaard R. et al. Microvascular function in viable myocardium after chronic infarction does not influence fractional flow reserve measurements. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 1987-1992.
  • 30 McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD. et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 803-869.
  • 31 Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S. et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 2949-3003.
  • 32 O’Meara E, Mielniczuk LM, Wells GA. et al. Alternative Imaging Modalities in Ischemic Heart Failure (AIMI-HF) IMAGE HF Project I-A: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14: 218.
  • 33 Packard RR, Huang SC, Dahlbom M. et al. Absolute quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with or without myocardial ischemia using dynamic flurpiridaz F 18 PET. J Nucl Med 2014; 55: 1438-1444.
  • 34 Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, Pettersson GB. et al. 2016; The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: Executive summary. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 153: 1241-1258 e1229.
  • 35 Rouzet F, Chequer R, Benali K. et al. Respective performance of 18F-FDG PET and radiolabeled leukocyte scintigraphy for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Nucl Med 2014; 55: 1980-1985.
  • 36 Schaap J, De Groot JA, Nieman K. et al. Added value of hybrid myocardial perfusion SPECT and CT coronary angiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15: 1281-1288.
  • 37 Schäfers M, Bengel F, Bull U. et al. Position paper nuclear cardiology: update 2008. Nuklearmedizin 2009; 48: 71-78.
  • 38 Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Poldermans D. et al. Hibernating myocardium: diagnosis and patient outcomes. Curr Probl Cardiol 2007; 32: 375-410.
  • 39 Slart R, Glaudemans A, Lancellotti P. et al. A joint procedural position statement on imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis: from the Cardiovascular and Inflammation & Infection Committees of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, and the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25: 298-319.
  • 40 Sohns JM, Bavendiek U, Ross TL. et al. Targeting Cardiovascular Implant Infection: Multimodality and Molecular Imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: e005376.
  • 41 Soman P, Lahiri A, Mieres JH. et al. Etiology and pathophysiology of new-onset heart failure: evaluation by myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16: 82-91.
  • 42 Verberne HJ, Acampa W, Anagnostopoulos C. et al. EANM procedural guidelines for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging with SPECT and SPECT/CT: 2015 revision. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42: 1929-1940.
  • 43 Vrachimis A, Honold L, Faust A. et al. New molecular probes of vascular inflammation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 60: 194-204.
  • 44 Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F. et al. 2014 ESC/ EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2541-2619.
  • 45 Wollenweber T, Bengel FM. Cardiac molecular imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2014; 44: 386-397.