Download PDF
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018; 31(02): 114-123
DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-17-05-0067
Original Research
Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart

A Comparison of Angular Values of the Pelvic Limb with Normal and Medial Patellar Luxation Stifles in Chihuahua Dogs Using Radiography and Computed Tomography

Thitaporn Phetkaew
,
Marissak Kalpravidh
,
Rampaipat Penchome
,
Chalika Wangdee
Further Information

Publication History

11 May 2017

13 November 2017

Publication Date:
13 March 2018 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Correction to:

Addendum: A Comparison of Angular Values of the Pelvic Limb with Normal and Medial Patellar Luxation Stifles in Chihuahua Dogs Using Radiography and Computed TomographyVet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018; 31(02): a1-a1
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667359

Abstract

Objective This article aimed to determine and compare the angular values of the pelvic limb in normal and medial patellar luxation (MPL) stifles in Chihuahuas using radiography and computed tomographic (CT) scan, to identify the relationship between pelvic limb angles and severity of MPL. In addition, radiographic and CT images were compared to determine the more suitable method of limb deformity assessment.

Methods Sixty hindlimbs of Chihuahuas were divided into normal and grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 MPL groups. The pelvic limb angles in frontal and sagittal planes were evaluated on radiography and CT scan. Femoral and tibial torsion angles (FTA and TTA) were evaluated only by CT scan. All angles were compared among normal and MPL stifles and between radiography and CT scan.

Results Based on the CT scan, the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), anatomical caudal proximal femoral angle (aCdPFA), and TTA were related to the severity of MPL. The mLDFA and TTA were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in grade 4 MPL, while the aCdPFA was significantly decreased in grade 2, 3 and 4 MPL groups. There were significant differences of many angles between radiography and CT scan.

Clinical Significance The angles related to MPL in Chihuahuas are aLDFA, mLDFA, aCdPFA and TTA. Radiography had some limitations for evaluating pelvic limb angles. The caudocranial radiograph is recommended for the assessment of the distal femoral angles, while the craniocaudal radiograph is for the tibial angles.

Keywords

Chihuahua - medial patellar luxation - pelvic limb deformity - computed tomography - radiography

Author Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception. T. Phetkaew and C. Wangdee contributed to the study design. T. Phetkaew, R. Penchome and C. Wangdee contributed to the acquisition of data. All authors contributed to data analysis and interpretation, drafting or revising of the manuscript, and approved the submitted manuscript.


 

  • References

  • 1 Alam MR, Lee JI, Kang HS. , et al. Frequency and distribution of patellar luxation in dogs. 134 cases (2000 to 2005). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2007; 20 (01) 59-64
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Hayes AG, Boudrieau RJ, Hungerford LL. Frequency and distribution of medial and lateral patellar luxation in dogs: 124 cases (1982–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 205 (05) 716-720
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Trotter EJ. Medial patellar luxation in dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1980; 2: 58-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 LaFond E, Breur GJ, Austin CC. Breed susceptibility for developmental orthopedic diseases in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38 (05) 467-477
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 DeAngelis M, Hohn RB. Evaluation of surgical correction of canine patellar luxation in 142 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970; 156 (05) 587-594
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Gibbons SE, Macias C, Tonzing MA, Pinchbeck GL, McKee WM. Patellar luxation in 70 large breed dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47 (01) 3-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Hulse DA. Pathophysiology and management of medial patellar luxation in the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1981; 76 (01) 43-51
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Roush JK. Canine patellar luxation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23 (04) 855-868
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Orthopedic Foundation for Animals: Patellar Luxation Statistics, 2016. Available at: http://www.ofa.org/stats_pl.html . Accessed December 5, 2017
    PubMed
  • 10 Priester WA. Sex, size, and breed as risk factors in canine patellar dislocation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972; 160 (05) 740-742
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Bosio F, Bufalari A, Peirone B, Petazzoni M, Vezzoni A. Prevalence, treatment and outcome of patellar luxation in dogs in Italy. A retrospective multicentric study (2009-2014). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30 (05) 364-370
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hulse DA. Medial Patellar Luxation in the Dog. Borab MJ. , ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1993
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE. The Stifle Joint. Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair, 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2006: 562-582
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Towle HA, Griffon DJ, Thomas MW, Siegel AM, Dunning D, Johnson A. Pre- and postoperative radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation of dogs with medial patellar luxation. Vet Surg 2005; 34 (03) 265-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Paley D. Normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation. Principle of Deformity Correction. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2003
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Petazzoni M, Jaeger GH. Atlas of clinical goniometry and radiographic measurements of the canine pelvic limb. 2nd ed. Milan, Italy: Merial; 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Soparat C, Wangdee C, Chuthatep S, Kalpravidh M. Radiographic measurement for femoral varus in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25 (03) 197-201
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Yasukawa S, Edamura K, Tanegashima K. , et al. Evaluation of bone deformities of the femur, tibia, and patella in Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation using computed tomography. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2016; 29 (01) 29-38
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Slocum B, Slocum TD. Alignment problems of the hindlimb. Proceedings of the 10th ESVOT Congress; Munich, Germany; 2000:60–62
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Tomlinson J, Fox D, Cook JL, Keller GG. Measurement of femoral angles in four dog breeds. Vet Surg 2007; 36 (06) 593-598
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Willauer CC, Vasseur PB. Clinical results of surgical correction of medial luxation of the patella in dogs. Vet Surg 1987; 16 (01) 31-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Arthurs GI, Langley-Hobbs SJ. Complications associated with corrective surgery for patellar luxation in 109 dogs. Vet Surg 2006; 35 (06) 559-566
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Fox DB, Tomlinson JL. Principles of angular limb deformity correction. In: Tobias KM, Johnston SA. , eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. Vol 1. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2012: 657-668
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Kowaleski MP. Femoral corrective osteotomy for medial patellar luxation. Proceedings of the ACVS Veterinary Symposium, Washington, DC; 2006
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Bruecker K. Femoral corrective osteotomy for the treatment of medial patella luxation. 14th Annual ESVOT, Munich, Germany; 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Brower BE, Kowaleski MP, Peruski AM. , et al. Distal femoral lateral closing wedge osteotomy as a component of comprehensive treatment of medial patellar luxation and distal femoral varus in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30 (01) 20-27
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Roch SP, Gemmill TJ. Treatment of medial patellar luxation by femoral closing wedge ostectomy using a distal femoral plate in four dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49 (03) 152-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Petazzoni M. Hind limb alignment in the dog to treat patellar luxation: a retrospective study of 39 cases (2001–2005). 13th Conference of the European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Munich, Germany; 2006
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Perry KL, Adams RJ, Andrews SJ, Tewson C, Bruce M. Impact of femoral varus on complications and outcome associated with corrective surgery for medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30 (04) 288-298
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Hazewinkel HAW, Tellhelm B, Leegwater PA. Screening for orthopaedic genetic defects: Part 1. Patella luxation in dogs. Eur J Companion Anim Pract 2013; 23: 90-98
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Singleton WB. The surgical correction of stifle deformities in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1969; 10 (02) 59-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Aiken M, Barnes D. Are the fabellae bisected by the femoral cortices in a true craniocaudal pelvic limb radiograph?. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55 (09) 465-470
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Dudley RM, Kowaleski MP, Drost WT, Dyce J. Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47 (06) 546-552
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Dismukes DI, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, Cook JL, Song KJE. Radiographic measurement of the proximal and distal mechanical joint angles in the canine tibia. Vet Surg 2007; 36 (07) 699-704
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Dismukes DI, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, Cook JL, Witsberger TH. Radiographic measurement of canine tibial angles in the sagittal plane. Vet Surg 2008; 37 (03) 300-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Apelt D, Kowaleski MP, Dyce J. Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet Surg 2005; 34 (05) 457-462
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Aper R, Kowaleski MP, Apelt D, Drost WT, Dyce J. Computed tomographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46 (03) 187-191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Palmer R. Controversial in the management of patellar luxation. Proceedings of the BVOA Spring Scientific Meeting, Birmingham, England; 2008
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Lusetti F, Bonardi A, Eid C, Brandstetter de Belesini A, Martini FM. Pelvic limb alignment measured by computed tomography in purebred English Bulldogs with medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30 (03) 200-208
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Newman M, Voss K. Computed tomographic evaluation of femoral and tibial conformation in English Staffordshire Bull Terriers with and without congenital medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30 (03) 191-199
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Jackson GM, Wendelburg KL. Evaluation of the effect of distal femoral elevation on radiographic measurement of the anatomic lateral distal femoral angle. Vet Surg 2012; 41 (08) 994-1001
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar