Keywords
Breast cancer - depression - India - women
Introduction
Across the world, breast cancer is a leading cause of death in females, and it is
the most commonly diagnosed cancer in this population.[1] In Asia, breast cancer incidence peaks among women at the age of 40 years, whereas
in the United States and Europe, it peaks among women at the age of 60 years.[1] In India, around 50% of breast cancer is among premenopausal women. More than one
lac patients are diagnosed with breast cancer annually in India as per the Indian
Council of Medical Research – Population-Based Cancer Registries data 2014.[1]
Diagnosis of cancer generates varying levels of stress and emotional upset in individuals
and their families. The commonly encountered challenges in patients with breast cancer
are fear of dying, distortion of self-image, loss of self-esteem, change in social
role, disruption of the family integrity, and financial difficulties.[2]
Loss or distortion of the symbols of femininity due to breast cancer in women leads
to low self-esteem, negative body image, false self-perception, social isolation,
and communication or relationship problems with family members or friends.[3],[4] Cancer treatment also results in loss of feminine physical characteristics through
hair loss (secondary to chemotherapy) or the loss of one or both breasts (following
mastectomy).[5] It may lead to the development of “cancer stigma” among women. Impact of cancer
on the physical and psycho-social well-being is enormous. Patients diagnosed with
cancer often encounter social rejection and isolation, resulting in poor well-being
along with poor health outcomes.[6]
Patients with cancer often experience pain, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite,
anxiety, hopelessness, worry, and apprehension related to future. Distinguishing between
normal levels of sadness and depressive disorders is a critical step.[7] Similarly, many myths are associated with cancer. The common myths about cancer
are as follows:
-
Depression is inevitable, normal, and expected in all individuals with cancer
-
Sufferings and painful deaths are seen all patients of cancer.
There is little role of treatment in cancer patients. These myths may misguide the
patient, the caregivers, as well as the clinicians. Considering depression to be normal
and inevitable in breast cancer, it may result in under-diagnosis and nontreatment
of depression. As an essential element of cancer management, early detection of depression
and timely intervention are highly crucial. Evidence suggests that relaxation techniques
and other psychological interventions have been effective to reduce psychological
symptoms in women with a new diagnosis of gynecological cancer.[8]
Individual differences in response to diagnosis and adjusting are seen among people
living with cancer. Simple sadness or a blue mood is not considered as depression.[9],[10] Patients with major depression have recognizable symptoms that can and should be
diagnosed and treated because they adversely affect the quality of life. At the time
of diagnosis of cancer, depressive symptoms may present and it might be the on-going
depressive disorder, hence needs focused evaluation.[11],[12]
Depression is a frequently discussed entity in the context of cancer; however, it
is often challenging to evaluate it in the context of cancer as many of the symptoms
of cancer and side effects of cancer treatment (pain, fatigue, loss of weight, and
appetite) often resemble with depression.[12] Comorbid depression negatively affects the treatment of both cancer and depression.
It may lead to poor adherence to treatment recommendations, hence resulting in poor
outcomes.
India, being a heavily populous country, caters nearly one-sixth of the world's population.
India accounts for a major chunk of global burden of diseases including cancers as
well as depression. However, depression is understudied in Indian women, diagnosed
with breast cancer. The development of studies from this perspective can have meaningful
implications in holistic care of breast cancer and comorbid depression. Taking into
account such aspects, this study aims to verify the occurrence and pattern of depression
from the signals and symptoms evidenced, in women diagnosed with breast cancer.
Methodology
The study was conducted during 2016–2017 (November 2016 to April 2017), in a tertiary
care teaching hospital located in North India. The study was approved by the Institute's
Ethics Committee, and all patients were recruited after obtaining written informed
consent.
The study had a cross-sectional design, and the sample was recruited by purposive
sampling. The women, who were attending the outpatient services of the Department
of Endocrine Surgery and Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, with the diagnosis of breast cancer, were approached. They were explained
the purpose of the study and were given freedom of choice, to accept or refuse to
participate in the study.
Patients diagnosed with breast cancer (as confirmed by fine needle aspiration cytology
or tissue biopsy) within 1 year were included in the study. Female patients who were
receiving chemotherapy, aged above 80 years or <18 years were not included in the
study. Those with any other psychiatric morbidity on Mini International Neuropsychiatric
Interview (MINI) 6.0.0 Version other than depression and any debilitating comorbid
physical illness were excluded the study.
Tools for assessment
Patients were assessed on a semi-structured pro forma for sociodemographic and clinical
details. MINI 6.0.0 version was used to rule out the psychiatric comorbidities.[13] The diagnosis of depression was confirmed using the International Classification
of Diseases-10, diagnostic criteria research.[14] Severity of depression was assessed using Hamilton depression (HAM-D) rating scale
(17-item version).[15]
Procedure
All female patients diagnosed with Breast cancer attending the abovementioned outpatient
settings were assessed on selection criteria. Sociodemographic data were collected
on the semi-structured pro forma, after obtaining the informed consent. Subjects were
screened using MINI 6.0.0 for other psychiatric comorbidities. HAM-D (17-item) was
administered to assess the severity of depression. The patients, who were found to
be suffering from depression or any other psychiatric morbidity, were referred to
Outpatient Department of Psychiatry for appropriate treatment.
Statistical analysis
The data collected were first coded and summarized in Microsoft Excel data sheet and
analyzed based on objectives of the study using STATA-23 software (StataCorp LLC,
Texas, USA). Descriptive analysis was carried out using mean and standard deviation
(SD) with range for continuous variables and in terms of frequency and percentage
for categorical variables. The continuous variables were compared using Student's
t-test. The ordinal and nominal variables of the two groups were compared using the
Chi-square test. Relationship between various domains of depression and other variables
was studied using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Results
A total of 250 women diagnosed with breast cancer were screened, and among them, 114
patients met the inclusion criteria. The most common reason for noninclusion was patient
receiving chemotherapy, as defined for this study. On further evaluation, 12 patients
were excluded who had other psychiatric comorbidity. The final sample comprised 102
patients, which was further categorized into two groups (Group A and Group B). Groups
A included patients with breast cancer who had depression as per the screening tool
MINI (n = 48) and Group B consisted of patients of breast cancer who did not have any psychiatric
illness as per MINI (n = 54). Group A comprised the study group and Group B comprised the control group
for comparison of sociodemographic and clinical variables. HAM-D was applied on Group
A subjects only.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients
The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 43.34 ± 8.62 years with a majority of the patients
belonging to the age group of 41–50 years (36.7%). Majority of the patients in the
study were homemakers (90.0%) and illiterates (60%). Majority (86.7%) of the patients
were married and belonged to Hindu religion (90%), living in joint family (50%), from
a rural background (60%) area with monthly family income of 2500 INR (50%) [Table 1].
Table 1
Frequency and percentage distribution of patient’s sociodemographic variables
|
Variable
|
Categories
|
Group A (MINI positive for depression) (n=48), n (%)
|
Group B (MINI negative for any other psychiatric illness) (n=54), n (%)
|
Test of significance
|
|
SD - Standard deviation; INR - Indian rupees; MINI - Mini-international neuropsychiatric
interview
|
|
Age (years)
|
18-30
|
2 (4.2)
|
1 (1.9)
|
χ2=1.42,
|
|
31-40
|
14 (29.2)
|
16 (29.6)
|
P 0.70, df=3
|
|
41-50
|
11 (37.5)
|
25 (46.3)
|
|
|
51-60
|
14 (29.2)
|
12 (22.2)
|
|
|
Mean±SD
|
|
43.83±8.16
|
43.55±7.20
|
t=0.184, P=0.854, df=100
|
|
Occupation
|
Housewife
|
43 (89.6)
|
51 (94.4)
|
χ2=5.01,
|
|
Professional
|
5 (10.4)
|
3 (5.6)
|
P=0.08, df=2
|
|
Education
|
Illiterate
|
27 (56.3)
|
31 (57.4)
|
χ2=1.50,
|
|
Up to matric
|
14 (29.2)
|
19 (35.2)
|
P=0.47, df=2
|
|
Above matric
|
7 (14.6)
|
4 (7.4)
|
|
|
Marital status
|
Married
|
43 (89.6)
|
40 (74.1)
|
χ2=4.03,
|
|
Widowed/divorced/
|
5 (10.4)
|
14 (25.9)
|
P=0.07, df=1
|
|
separated
|
|
|
|
|
Religion
|
Hindu
|
44 (91.7)
|
50 (92.6)
|
χ2=0.56,
|
|
Muslim
|
2 (4.2)
|
3 (5.6)
|
P=0.75, df=2
|
|
Sikh
|
2 (4.2)
|
1 (1.9)
|
|
|
Family monthly
|
Up-to 2500
|
23 (47.9)
|
21 (38.9)
|
χ2=2.94,
|
|
income (INR)
|
2501-5000
|
6 (12.5)
|
14 (25.9)
|
P=0.22, df=2
|
|
>5000
|
19 (39.6)
|
19 (35.2)
|
χ2=1.66,
|
|
Type of family
|
Nuclear
|
22 (45.8)
|
18 (33.3)
|
P=0.22, df=1
|
|
Joint
|
26 (54.2)
|
36 (66.7)
|
|
|
Domicile
|
Rural
|
28 (58.3)
|
26 (48.1)
|
χ2=1.05,
|
|
Urban
|
20 (41.7)
|
28 (51.9)
|
P=0.30, df=1
|
The mean duration of diagnosis of cancer was 1.96 ± 1.82 months. Family history was
found to be negative for cancer and depression in 96.7% and 90% women, respectively.
Majority of the patients were diagnosed at the third stage of malignancy (66.7%).
Majority of the patients had not received any treatment (63.3%) while 36.7% had undergone
surgery [Table 2].
Table 2
Comparison of clinical variables of patients positive for depression and negative
for depression on mini-international neuropsychiatric interview
|
Variable
|
Categories
|
Group A (MINI positive for depression) (n=48), n (%)
|
Group B (MINI negative for any other psychiatric illness) (n=54)
|
Test of significance
|
|
SD - Standard deviation; INR - Indian rupees; MINI - Mini-international neuropsychiatric
interview
|
|
Duration of illness
|
<3
|
16 (33.3)
|
19 (35.2)
|
χ2=0.98,
|
|
(months)
|
4-6
|
18 (37.5)
|
17 (31.5)
|
P=0.80, df=3
|
|
7-9
|
11 (22.9)
|
12 (22.2)
|
|
|
10-12
|
3 (6.3)
|
6 (11.1)
|
|
|
Mean±SD
|
|
4.75±2.43
|
3.94±1.43
|
t=1.95,
P=0.053,
df=100
|
|
Family history of
|
Yes
|
1 (2.1)
|
4 (7.4)
|
χ2=1.54,
|
|
breast cancer
|
No
|
47 (97.9)
|
50 (92.6)
|
P=0.21, df=1
|
|
Family history of
|
Yes
|
5 (10.4)
|
10 (18.5)
|
χ2=1.33,
|
|
depression
|
No
|
43 (89.6)
|
44 (81.5)
|
P=0.24, df=1
|
|
Stage of malignancy
|
2
|
13 (27.1)
|
22 (40.7)
|
χ2=4.80,
|
|
3
|
33 (68.8)
|
26 (48.1)
|
P=0.09, df=2
|
|
4
|
2 (4.2)
|
6 (15.6)
|
|
|
Mean±SD
|
|
2.77±0.51
|
2.75±0.64
|
t=0.17, P=0.86,
df=100
|
|
Treatment receiving
|
Surgical
|
16 (33.3)
|
16 (29.6)
|
χ2=0.16,
|
|
No treatment
|
32 (66.7)
|
38 (70.4)
|
P=0.42, df=0.1
|
Severity of depression
The prevalence of the depression was 47.05% in our study population. Majority of the
patients had mild depression 27 (56.7%) followed by moderate 17 (33.3%) and severe
depression 4 (10%).
[Figure 1] shows that among symptoms of depression, depressed mood was present in all the patients
followed by work and activity (93%) and psychotic anxiety (90%).
Figure 1 Bar diagram showing the prevalence of symptoms of depression (according to Hamilton
Depression Score) (n = 48)
Relationship between sociodemographic and clinical variable with severity of depression
[Table 3] depicts that age, duration of diagnosis of breast cancer, and stage of malignancy
were not statistically significantly correlated with severity of depression.
Table 3
Correlation of severity of depression with demographic (age) and clinical variable
(duration of diagnosis of cancer and stage of malignancy) (n=48)
|
Variables
|
Age (r, P)
|
Duration of diagnosis of breast cancer (r, P)
|
Stage of malignancy (r, P)
|
|
Pearson’s correlation test, P<0.05. HAM-D - Hamilton depression
|
|
Severity
|
-0.27
|
-0.066
|
0.040
|
|
(HAM-D)
|
0.060
|
0.657
|
0.786
|
Discussion
The mean age of the patients was 43.34 ± 8.62 years with a majority of the patients
belonging to the age group 41–50 years (36.7%). This could be due to the higher incidence
of breast cancer in this age group.[1] Majority of the patients in the study were homemakers (90.0%) and illiterates (60%).
Majority (86.7%) of the patients were married and belonged to Hindu religion (90%),
living in joint family (50%) from a rural (60%) area, with monthly family income of
Rs. 2500 INR (50%), similar to findings of other studies from north India.[16] Our study population represented the geographic region, where most people reside
in rural areas and are Hindu as well as from joint families and low socioeconomic
status, which explains the sociodemographic characteristics of our sample.
In the study population, the mean duration of diagnosis of cancer to inclusion in
the study was 1.96 ± 1.82 months. This might be due to our predefined selection criteria,
according to which we had only included patients whose diagnosis was made within 1
year. Family history for cancer and depression were found to be absent in 96.7% and
90% women, respectively. It was observed in previous studies that individuals with
negative history of depression before the development of cancer were tend to be at
more risk of depression.[17] Majority of the patients were diagnosed as the third stage of malignancy (66.7%).
Poor financial status, lack of awareness, far away from treatment facility, and stigma
might be the attributing factors for late consultation to a tertiary care center.
This could be due to late presentation of patients to treatment facilities in India.[1] In developing countries like India, the expert facilities for health care is not
easily accessible and affordable, as a result of which patients reach the tertiary
care facility through a long pathway of care. Many of these patients consult to general
care physicians and reach the tertiary care center through multiple referrals. The
fear associated with mortality of the disease and uncertainty about the outcome of
the treatment led them to consult the physician at late stages until they reach to
severe illness, which necessitate hospitalization. Majority of the patients had not
received any treatment (63.3%) while 36.7% had undergone surgery. As in our studies,
majority of the patients were poor, from rural background, homemakers, and dependent
on their family members. This might be the responsible for not receiving any treatment.
From previous studies, the prevalence of depression in breast cancer ranged from 1.5%
to 46%.[17] The wide range prevalence of depression found in breast cancer was due to the different
stages of disease, the different time of evaluation, the different measurements, and
the different population studied.[18]
In our study, of 102 women, 48 (47.05%) were found to be suffering from only depression
(as other psychiatric morbidities were excluded) within the 1st year of diagnosis
of their illness, which is in accordance with the study by Burgess et al. that has shown that during the first 2 years of survivorship, an estimated 30%–45%
of women with breast cancer experience substantial psychological morbidity, including
anxiety and depression.[17],[18] Women diagnosed with breast cancer experience maximum anxiety and depressive symptoms
in the 1st year following diagnosis, and subsequently, these symptoms become less
frequent.[17] The prevalence of depression might go still higher in our population if we consider
the other co-morbid psychiatric disorders together. Even after exclusion of other
comorbid psychiatric disorders, the exclusive morbidity of depression still remains
higher. The prevalence of depression in present study (47.05%) is not similar to the
finding of other study in North India where the prevalence of depression was 28%.[16] This could be due to one of the inclusion criteria of patients to participate in
our study, i.e., within 1 year of diagnosis. As it was shown in previous studies,
the prevalence of depression is high year after the diagnosis of breast cancer.[17] This may be due to the immediate psychological response to the devastating aspect
of disease. Subsequently, adaptation with the life stressor results in decreasing
reporting of anxiety and depression. Studies conducted in Western countries describe
lack of intimate psychosocial support to be a strong predictor of depression.[12] However, in our study, most patients were from joint families with many helping
hands and good psychosocial support. Hence, other factors such as low socioeconomic
status can be the attributing factor for psychological distress in this population.
In the study population, majority of the patients were suffering from mild depression
27 (56.7%) followed by moderate 17 (33.3%) and severe depression 4 (10%). Regarding
the symptoms of depression (as per HAM-D Score), it was observed that every patient
diagnosed with depression was experiencing sad mood followed by impairment in work
and activity (93.33%) and anxiety (psychotic, 90%). From the previous studies, pain,
fatigue, tiredness, weakness, and reduced energy were common somatic symptoms found
in cancer patients.[18],[19],[20] Symptoms of pain and fatigue were the two leading symptoms reported by cancer patients,
with a prevalence of nearly 80% in some tumor types.[19] It is reported that symptoms of pain and fatigue increase the risk of anxiety and
depression after surgery or chemotherapy or radiotherapy.[18] In our study, we found that patients were experiencing symptoms such as fatigue,
tiredness, and reduced energy which also might be attributing to reduction in work
and activity. Symptoms of anxiety in the form of worry, irritability, and fear toward
anticipated loss of one or both the breast or death were of much concern which makes
them more anxious. In our study, symptoms of pain were not much prevalent which might
be due to noninclusion of the patients who were receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Symptoms of lack of insight and hypochondriasis (as described in HAM-D items) were
absent in our study population.
Limitations
Exclusion of comorbid psychiatric illnesses and cancer duration >1 year limits the
generalizability of prevalence of depression in breast cancer population. Conducting
a prospective study, rather than cross-sectional study, will give better insight regarding
the evolution of depressive symptoms.
Conclusions
Depression is the most common psychiatric morbidity associated with patients diagnosed
with breast cancer. The severity of depression is an independent parameter which had
no significant correlation with sociodemographic and clinical variables of patients
with breast cancer. This study provides insight into the various preventable factors
which are responsible for the development of psychological morbidity particularly
depression. Psychological support, financial aid from the government, psychological
assessment, and appropriate intervention may lead to the treatment adherence and improved
outcome of breast cancer as well as depression.
