Keywords
Doppler ultrasound - fetal growth restriction - India - perinatal mortality - preeclampsia
- screening
Introduction
Perinatal deaths include stillbirths or fetal demise that occur after 7 months of
gestation and early neonatal deaths or deaths of live-born babies within the first
7 days of life. Perinatal mortality rate is estimated as the number of perinatal deaths
per 1,000 pregnancies of 7 or more months duration. The National Family Health Survey-4
(NFHS-4), a nationally representative survey carried out in 2015-16 in India, reported
a perinatal mortality rate of 36 per 1000 pregnancies with large variations by states,
urban-rural locations, and socio-demographic factors such as maternal schooling, household
wealth index, and inter-pregnancy intervals.[[1]] The perinatal mortality rate ranged from 8 per 1,000 pregnancies in Kerala to 56
per 1,000 pregnancies in Uttar Pradesh.[[1]] NFHS-4 reported a stillbirth rate of 0.7% and a neonatal mortality rate of 30 per
1000 live births in India, and a birth weight <2500 grams in 18.2% of live births.[[1]] A major proportion (41.77%) of neonatal deaths in India are attributable to prematurity
and low birth weight.[[2]] The maternal mortality ratio in India has shown a steady decline[[3]] and was reported as 130 per 100,000 live births in 2014-16 and pregnancy-induced
hypertension remains a major cause for maternal mortality, preterm deliveries, fetal
growth restriction (FGR), and low birth weight in India.
The NFHS-4 reported an increasing utilization of antenatal care (ANC) with 82.7% pregnant
women reporting at least one ANC visit including 58.6% women in the first trimester
of pregnancy.[[1]] The NFHS-4 also reported an increasing trend for institutional deliveries and ultrasound
exams during pregnancy. An estimated 79% of all deliveries were institutional deliveries
and 61% of all pregnancies had received at least one ultrasound exam during pregnancy.[[1]]
Fetal radiology has evolved from a conventional diagnostic approach focused on congenital
and structural malformations and serial growth assessments to a more holistic preventative
and prognostic approach focused on optimizing therapeutic interventions and fetal
outcomes. Current radiology and imaging techniques that include multimodality sequential
exams allow radiologists to recommend and provide evidence-based therapeutic and prognostic
information based on early identification and earlier intervention besides providing
confirmatory evidence for the presence or absence of factors that may affect fetal
or maternal well-being.
The Indian Radiological and Imaging Association (IRIA) launched a nationwide program
in June 2019, Samrakshan, which aims to utilize the experience and expertise of radiologists
in India to complement existing efforts to address perinatal mortality in India and
achieve the sustainable development goal targets for the country. In this manuscript,
we discuss the various elements of the Samrakshan program launched by IRIA and provide
information on the progress made in the initial couple of months of the program.
Methods
Samrakshan was designed to focus initially on two priority areas, based on the perinatal
statistics of India and the potential for influencing therapeutic interventions, which
can provide maximum impact on the perinatal mortality rates of India. Preeclampsia
(PE) and FGR were chosen as the priority areas for Samrakshan.
Samrakshan focuses on four areas relating to PE and FGR. These include technical skill
upgradation to improve the use and interpretative ability and therapeutic effectiveness
of Doppler studies, improving the reach of the program among radiologists through
a 24 × 7 online presence, improving the evidence base through data-based evaluation
from the program and development of policy guidelines, and improving synergy with
other stakeholders including the RAKSHA program, and neonatologists, obstetricians,
and others involved in the care of pregnant women.
Samrakshan utilizes a two-pronged approach for the technical skill upgradation of
Radiologists in India. These include an offline approach through statewide continuous
medical education (CME) programs and workshops and the utilization of an online learning
management portal to deploy specific courses. The state chapter of IRIA, in coordination
with the CME subcommittee of Samrakshan, will decide the number of CMEs in each state
based on the size of the state and administrative divisions within the state. Each
CME will include didactic lectures, workshops to demonstrate techniques of Doppler
studies, panel discussions and involve synergistic stakeholders.
The online portal, accessible for Radiologists in India through user credentials and
a password, will provide access to specific courses pertinent to Samrakshan. The courses
include content pertinent to the trimester-specific identification of women at high-risk
for preterm PE and FGR. The courses aim to familiarize and optimize use of Doppler
studies and maximize the use of globally accepted risk estimators for preterm PE and
FGR based on competing risk models and Bayesian algorithms.[[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]] Tutorials specific to the measurement of mean arterial pressures, uterine artery
Doppler studies, umbilical artery Doppler studies, middle cerebral artery Doppler
studies, and the estimation of cerebroplacental ratio are offered through the online
platform. The courses also provide a 24 × 7 platform to standardize images and forums
to discuss cases and share recent research articles in fetal radiology. The course
work includes quizzes and assignments that can be accessed and submitted online. Samrakshan
has a subcommittee of instructors that aims to include representation from all states
and union territories of India to develop state-level teams of instructors. The online
presence of Samrakshan is provided through a web link that leads to a dedicated page
on the IRIA website and through a dedicated app for Android devices developed and
deployed by the digital team of Samrakshan.
Building an evidence base that can direct further improvements in the care provision
as well as programmatic elements is an integral part of Samrakshan. The program aims
to develop state-level evidence for India on the various measurement parameters that
underpin the screening algorithms,[[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]] a continuous assessment of the effectiveness of the screening algorithms used in
Samrakshan,[[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]] the number of practitioners who submit screening forms, and the number of women
screened and identified as high risk for preterm PE and FGR. Women identified in the
first trimester as high risk for preterm PE are recommended a daily low-dose aspirin
regime (150 mg daily) to be initiated before 16 weeks of pregnancy.[[5]] A fetal staging and management protocol will be used to manage fetuses identified
in the third trimester of pregnancy with growth restriction.[[8]] The program links antenatal screening with outcomes of birth to determine changes
in the perinatal mortality.
Dedicated trimester-specific forms, based on the variables of interest, have been
developed and can be downloaded from the dedicated Samrakshan page online or through
the Samrakshan App. The forms can be completed offline, stored with the case records,
and subsequently transcribed to an online form that is available on the dedicated
Samrakshan page and in the Samrakshan App for android devices. The forms are anonymized
for patient identifiers to protect the privacy of patients. The forms submitted online
are exported to an online database stored in a password protected folder that is accessible
only on approval by the national coordinator of Samrakshan. The forms are currently
developed for singleton pregnancies. The forms for multiple pregnancies are under
development.
Data analysis of the major parameters of the form is automated and is updated in real
time. A set of basic parameters for the evaluation of basic parameters of Samrakshan
will be used to develop monthly reports for dissemination [[Table 1]]. These functions will be performed by the evaluation subcommittee of Samrakshan
that aims to include members from all states and union territories and representation
from teaching faculty and practitioners. The evidence will be used to develop problem-specific
tutorials as well as for the development of nationally relevant guidelines for fetal
radiology, especially focused on Doppler studies.
Table 1
Evaluation parameters for Samrakshan
|
Categories
|
Parameters
|
|
CME (By State)
|
Number of CME
Number of participants
Participant distribution by district, urban-rural location, and by teaching faculty,
practitioner or resident
|
|
Online Courses
|
Number of trimester-specific courses
Mentors
Quizzes
Image Evaluations
Course Completions
Number of research articles shared through learning modules
Number of trimester-specific cases discussed Number of registrations on the online
portal
|
|
Form submission
|
Number of forms submitted
Number of practitioners submitting forms
Number of participating states and districts.
Trimester Specific Reports on clinically relevant screening parameters
Faculty/Resident/Practitioner use of the Samrakshan database for research
Research Publications or Dissertations by state
Research Projects by state
|
|
Online Presence
|
Visits to Samrakshan page
App download
Telegram channel subscribers
|
|
Synergistic programs
|
Number by State
|
Improving the reach and uptake of research in fetal radiology in India with a specific
focus on developing India specific data and protocols at the national, regional, and
state levels is a goal of Samrakshan. Samrakshan is developing standard research protocols
that can be utilized by teaching faculty for their academic research, by residents
for their dissertation, and by practitioners, either individually or as collaborative
studies.
Addressing synergy with other programs including the flagship RAKSHA program of IRIA
and reach out to other stakeholders in the care of pregnant women and newborn babies
including obstetricians and neonatologists is another goal of Samrakshan. This synergy
will be improved through dedicated reach out initiatives, involvement of stakeholders
in the CME programs and through promotional activities aimed at increasing awareness.
Samrakshan will generate monthly reports on its activities that will be submitted
to the various subcommittees of Samrakshan and to the digital team of IRIA for further
dissemination to members of the IRIA through its e-newsletter.
Results
Samrakshan has activated 7 subcommittees since its launch in June 2019 [[Table 2]]. The online presence of Samrakshan was established through the dedicated Samrakshan
page and App, through the online portal for courses, and through a dedicated Telegram
channel to post updates.
Table 2
Subcommittees of Samrakshan IRIA program
|
Subcommittees
|
Number of members
|
|
Promotional Campaign
|
6
|
|
Online Instruction
|
17
|
|
State CME programs
|
12
|
|
Evaluation and Audit
|
9
|
|
Raksha & PCPNDT synergy
|
2
|
|
Reach out to Obstetricians and Neonatologists
|
2
|
|
Policy, Guidelines, Documentation
|
2
|
Two-trimester specific courses, first trimester and third trimester, with registration
of learners (n = 230) have started [[Table 3]]. The course content in the first trimester course currently focuses on the use
of Doppler studies for the identification of women in the first trimester of pregnancy
at high risk for preterm PE, the standard method for measurement of mean arterial
pressure, the use of an online risk estimator calculator to determine the risk for
preterm PE and FGR, and tutorial on the completion of first trimester forms. The third
trimester course currently focuses on the use of Doppler studies in the third trimester
with a focus on FGR, early dating scans, planning of biometry planes and endpoints,
growth charts and basic steps of growth assessment, the use of an online risk estimation
calculator to stage fetal growth incorporating Doppler findings, and the completion
of third trimester forms. Trimester specific case discussions and sharing of research
articles pertinent to the cases presented are ongoing in the online forum [[Table 3]].
Table 3
Performance of Samrakshan for period July 1, 2019, to September 1, 2019
|
First Trimester
|
n, %
|
|
Number of Women Screened
|
58
|
|
High risk for PE (n, %)
|
10 (17.24%)
|
|
High risk for FGR (n, %)
|
29 (50%)
|
|
Recommended Low dose Aspirin (n, %)
|
30 (51.72%)
|
|
Third Trimester Singletons
|
|
|
Number of women Screened
|
131
|
|
Women with PE (n, %)
|
2 (1.53%)
|
|
Prior high risk for PE (n, %)
|
2 (1.53%)
|
|
EFW centiles <3 (n, %)
|
6 (4.58%)
|
|
EFW Centiles 3-10 (n, %)
|
8 (6.11%)
|
|
FGR stage 1 (n, %)
|
9 (6.87%)
|
|
FGR stage 2 (n, %)
|
0
|
|
FGR stage 3 (n, %)
|
1 (0.76%)
|
|
FGR stage 4 (n, %)
|
0
|
|
No FGR (n, %)
|
121 (92.31%)
|
|
EFW 3-10 centile with normal Doppler (n, %)
|
6 (75%)
|
|
EFW 10-50 centile with abnormal Doppler
|
20 (46.51%)
|
|
Mean UtA PI >95th centile
|
21 (16.03%)
|
|
CPR <5th centile
|
21 (16.03%)
|
|
Online courses
|
|
|
Number of registrants first trimester
|
214
|
|
Number of registrants third trimester
|
37
|
|
Number case discussions posted
|
3
|
|
Number Instructors
|
17
|
|
Number research articles shared
|
7
|
|
IRIA Samrakshan page visits
|
2047 (1994 from India)
|
|
Research protocols developed for Faculty/Resident/Practitioner studies
|
7
|
|
State-level CME
|
1
|
Five states, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh have started
the online submission of data forms. Samrakshan has screened 51 first trimester pregnant
women and 131 third trimester pregnant women till August 30, 2019. The screening identified
10 (17.24%, 95% CI: 8.59, 29.43) women at high risk for preterm PE and 29 (50.00%,
95% CI 36.58, 63.42) women at high risk for FGR in the first trimester. Ten fetuses
(7.63%, 95% CI: 3.72, 13.59) were identified with FGR in the third-trimester screening
[[Table 3]].
The first state CME of Samrakshan was held on September 1, 2019, at Indore, Madhya
Pradesh and was attended by 200 participants. The CME had a detailed panel discussion
that involved other stakeholders including local obstetricians and neonatologists,
besides didactic interactive lectures on the first and third-trimester screening protocols
and forms, familiarization with the online applications and demonstration of Doppler
techniques.
Discussion
Samrakshan has several strengths from a program perspective. Samrakshan can draw upon
the collective wisdom and experience of approximately 17,000 radiologists in India
who have trained in various imaging techniques and have a good understanding of the
medical physics that drive imaging machines and algorithms. The program runs through
the national professional body of Radiologists in India, the IRIA. The program works
synergistically, complementing existing efforts aimed at reducing perinatal mortality
rates in India.
The program addresses two major health priorities, preterm PE and FGR, which can lead
to maximum impact on perinatal mortality rates in India. These conditions are important
health problems in India as judged by the incidence, severity, and long-term consequences
of these conditions. The epidemiology of these two conditions are understood and there
is robust evidence about the association between several risk factors and the risk
of serious or treatable disease.[[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15]]
There are simple, safe, precise, and validated screening protocols available for the
identification of pregnant women at high risk for PE in the first through third trimester
of pregnancy, and to identify women in the first trimester of pregnancy at high risk
for FGR, and to stage fetal growth and initiate fetal staging based management in
the third trimester.[[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]] These protocols are already used in diverse populations globally and the distribution
of test values are known in the global context.[[8],[16],[17],[18],[19]] The protocols provide evidence-based, clearly defined, and agreed cut-off levels
to optimize management and follow-up.[[8],[16],[17],[18],[19]] There is an agreed policy on the further diagnostic investigation of individuals
with a positive test result and on the choices available to those individuals.[[8],[16],[17],[18],[19]]
There are effective interventions for patients identified through screening, with
evidence that intervention at an early presymptomatic phase leads to better outcomes
for the screened individual compared with usual care.[[5],[8],[16],[17],[18],[19]] The guidelines for interventions including optimal timing, dosage, and frequency
of follow-up are based on evidence gathered through several studies in global populations.[[5],[8],[16],[17],[18],[19]] The complete screening program (test, diagnostic procedures, treatment/intervention)
is clinically, socially, and ethically acceptable to health professionals and the
public.
However, there are several challenges to the success of Samrakshan. India is a country
with a large population with diverse sociodemographic characteristics even within
states. There were an estimated 27 million births in 2017. The NFHS-4 reported suboptimal
utilization of ultrasound exam services and ANC during pregnancy.[[1]] Improving ultrasound coverage for pregnant women is both a challenge and an opportunity.
Standardizing techniques and ensuring the uniform application of standard measures
is a challenge for any nationwide program, especially in a country the size of India.
Samrakshan aims to address this challenge through a mix of online and offline programs,
data documentation and audits, and image standardization exercises. Strict onsite
visits to assess standardization may not be feasible and is a pragmatic limitation.
Several aspects of the risk prediction model including past history of PE, maternal
history of PE, previous birth weight, date of previous delivery may be subject to
recall bias or a lack of reliable information. This is a pragmatic limitation that
may affect the results of screening. Radiologists can recommend low-dose aspirin to
women identified as high risk in the first trimester; however, the actual prescription
of low-dose aspirin is dependent on the managing physician. Nonprescription, nonusage,
and less than optimal dosage of low-dose aspirin may influence the outcomes after
screening.
The results in a large program of this nature may be impacted by differing sociodemographic
and test characteristics, as well as inter- and intra-observer variations. We do not
have previous evidence from India to determine the potential influence of these factors
on detection rates. Samrakshan offers an opportunity to explore these factors within
the context of diversity in India.
A major benefit from Samrakshan, besides the potential impact on perinatal mortality
rates, is the possibility of deriving India specific data at state and district levels
that can lead to further in-depth research protocols and guidelines that can reduce
perinatal mortality rates in India to sustainable levels. Samrakshan can shift fetal
radiology in India from a predominantly diagnostic model to a preventative, prognostic,
and therapeutic model to optimize fetal outcomes, working synergistically with other
stakeholders in fetal healthcare.
