Repair of the abdominal wall with acellular bovine pericardial membranes - Part II - Histological and morphometric analyses

▪ ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Histological analysis is the main tool for evaluating acellular bioprostheses, mostly on an experimental basis. The objective is to histologically analyze the acellular matrix of bovine pericardium in abdominal wall repairs implanted in humans.

Method:

From a series of 30 repairs with the membrane, 3 patients underwent surgical revision unrelated to the implants at 13, 22, and 23 months postoperatively, obtaining biopsies of the previously implanted areas. In addition to evaluating the basic aspects of biocompatibility and tissue neoformation, the slides were digitalized and subjected to computerized analysis with the ImageJ software to quantify the kinetics of membrane degradation associated with the analysis of the fractal dimension of the samples. The values obtained for percentages of residual membrane had their means compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the unpaired Student’s T test, also used for the fractal dimension quantification values.

Results:

The biocompatibility of the material was demonstrated, with tissue neoformation, collagen deposition, and cellularized tissue with a normal appearance without important local reactions. Residual fragments of the membrane were quantified at 40%±7% at 13 months, at 20%±6% at 22 months, and at 17%±6% at 23 months postoperatively, with the analysis of the fractal dimension indicating a progressive degradation of implants, with statistical significance between 13 months and late samples.

Conclusion:

The results confirmed the functionality of the acellular bovine pericardium under different levels of mechanical stress in abdominal wall repairs in humans.

Keywords:

Extracellular matrix - Abdominal hernia - Abdominal wall - Prosthetics and implants - Surgical meshes - Bioprosthesis - Pericardium

INTRODUCTION

The repair of structural defects with endogenous tissues, undoubtedly a skill of plastic surgeons, is limited in many situations and has stimulated the production of supportive biomaterials, with numerous synthetic materials developed and used on a large scale for applications in various fields of reconstructive surgery.

As part of an evolution of this process, biological prostheses were developed, originating from acellularized natural tissues[1], providing biodegradable three-dimensional support for the recipient’s cellular growth and requiring sophisticated degradation kinetics over time[2]. Basically represented by the extracellular membrane (ECM) resulting from the acellularization process, these membranes develop an active biological role at the implantation site, in theory favoring tissue remodeling rather than the formation of scar fibrosis or chronic inflammation[3], concepts pursued in the field of regenerative medicine.

Progressively degraded by metalloproteinases[4] - especially collagenase - acellular membranes must support a complex balance between resistance to degradation and promotion of cell growth from the receptor bed, with dynamic reciprocity favoring tissue neoformation and adequate collagen deposition until the repair site has healed adequately. Thus, in addition to the basic aspect of biocompatibility, evaluating the degradation time of the three-dimensional support is also essential, as its very early occurrence can lead to failure of the repair, especially in those that require greater mechanical resistance, such as in the reconstruction of the abdominal wall[5].

In this sense, in addition to the differences in relation to their allogeneic or xenogenic origin, as well as their tissue biological nature - dermis, intestinal mucosa, pericardium, etc. - aspects related to the preparation and reticulation processes are described as important factors in the biological behavior of ECMs. Studies demonstrate that reticulation increases the durability of implanted biomaterials, thus providing a greater capacity to provide adequate support for remodeling processes with endogenous collagen in abdominal hernia repairs[7].

Numerous publications use histological analyses as the main tool for evaluating these biological processes in different bioprostheses. However, the vast majority are in animal experimentation[8] [9], with observations in humans restricted to complicated cases of reoperations in the presence of infections and implant removal.[10] [11]

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this publication is to report the histological findings observed in biopsies of acellular bovine pericardial membranes implanted in abdominal wall repair.

METHOD

From a series of 40 abdominal wall repairs associated with implantation of acellular bovine pericardial membrane, 3 patients underwent surgical revision, namely 2 cases, secondary to incisional hernias, for correction of hypertrophic scar at 13 months ([Figure 1]) and 22 months postoperatively, and 1 case, secondary to post-resection reconstruction of wall endometrioma, reviewed at 23 months postoperatively to explore possible recurrence. In all cases, the postoperative evolution was without any complications, with clinical and radiological examinations not identifying problems related to the implanted areas, with successful repairs, with revisions being carried out for indications not related to implants. The patients were duly informed, through a form of consent, that biopsies would be taken in the implant area at the time of eventual surgical revision.

Figure 1. A: Patient with supraumbilical incisional hernia, with indication for repair associated with abdominal wall reinforcement with acellular bovine pericardium membrane. B: Intraoperative view of the correction performed, with the membrane in a suprafascial position after direct approximation of the muscles. C: 13 months postoperatively, showing hypertrophic supraumbilical and suprapubic scars compromising the aesthetic result. During the surgical review of this scar, the implanted area was observed, confirming the absence of recurrence of the hernia or other changes, and 3 biopsies were then obtained for histological analysis.

In the areas corresponding to previous implants in a pre-aponeurotic situation, made by the same surgeon and identified photographically, 3 samples were taken at different points in the implanted region, removing samples from the muscular aponeurosis in its entire thickness. After fixation and inclusion in paraffin, serial sections of 5µm thickness were made, with 60 slides being stained for each patient with Hematoxylin - Eosin, Gomori’s Trichrome, and Picrosirius Red for the different analyses.

Morphometric analysis

The slides were examined with a Nikon SI E200 Trinocular optical microscope for the usual stains and with polarized light for Picrosirius Red, and the images were digitized with a Digilab™ jkc camera at 8MB resolution. In addition to the basic aspects regarding the biocompatibility of the material and characteristics of tissue neoformation, aspects of absorption/degradation of the implants and the process of cellularization and collagen deposition in the recipient bed were also analyzed, quantified by computerized analysis using the ImageJ software, specific for this purpose[12].

Using the histological image of the “in natura” acellular pericardium as a standard ([Figure 2]), the percentages of residual membrane present in the different periods were quantified on the HE-stained slides. The acellular pericardium still present in the different samples was identified and delimited manually by two independent examiners, with the corresponding percentage calculated automatically by the software.

Figure 2. Standard histological appearance of the bovine pericardial membrane “in natura” after acellularization process, confirmed by the total absence of cell nuclei. This pattern, digitally memorized in pixels and colored by ImageJ software tools, was used to identify and quantify residual fragments of the membranes implanted in different postoperative periods. HE staining/100xx magnification.

On slides stained with Picrosirius Red - specific for collagen fibers - the quantification of tissue fractal dimension was additionally carried out by digital analysis[13], also using the ImageJ software, representing tissue fragmentation by a specific automatic method called “Box-Count /Binary - Outline”.

Statistical analysis

The values obtained in the quantification of the percentages of residual membrane had their means statistically compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the unpaired Student’s T test, also used to analyze the values obtained in the quantification of the fractal dimension. An alpha error of 5% was allowed, with p-values less than or equal to 0.05 being considered significant.

RESULTS

Histological analyses clearly demonstrated the biocompatibility of the material, with all samples showing tissue neoformation replacing the implanted membranes, with significant deposition of collagen and cellularized tissue with a normal appearance. No important local reactions were observed, with some rare isolated focal points being identified showing macrophages in a mild inflammatory process. In all periods analyzed, it was possible to identify the presence of fragments of acellular tissue corresponding to the original membrane ([Figure 3]).

Figure 3. Histological sections of biopsies from the areas corresponding to implants of acellular bovine pericardial membranes in the postoperative periods of A, 13 months; B, 22 months; C and D, 23 months. In all periods, newly formed cellularized tissue is observed replacing the implanted membranes, demonstrating a good quality repair process and the absence of inflammatory processes or “foreign body” type reactions. In all samples, fragments of residual acellularized tissue from the implanted membrane were observed (black arrows), quantified at approximately 40% at 13 months, 20% at 22 months, and 17% at 23 months postoperatively. In D, 23 months postoperatively, neocollagen deposition is observed with a good pattern of scar repair and normal cellularized tissue replacing the implant (red arrows). A, B, and C Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. In D Gomori Trichrome. 40xx increase in B and D; 100xx increase in A and C.

Using ImageJ software, residual fragments of the implanted membrane were quantified at 40%±7% at 13 months, at 20%±6% at 22 months, and 17%±6% at 23 months postoperatively. This quantification, analyzed by the unpaired t-test, was statistically significant between the 13-month and later samples, with no statistical difference between 22 and 23 months ([Graph 1]).

Graph 1. Box-plot representation of the quantification and statistics by analysis of variance of the percentages of residual fragments of acellular pericardial membrane in the different periods. Residual membranes were histologically identified at 13, 22, and 23 months postoperatively, and their respective percentages were calculated using the specific ImageJ software tool. There was a statistically significant difference between the 13-month samples compared to 22 and 23 months (p<0.0001) and no difference in the comparison between 22 and 23 months.

Using Picrosirius staining with polarized light, the fractal dimension of the slides was analyzed at different postoperative periods, also using an automatic method in a specific tool in the ImageJ software, demonstrated in [Figure 4].

Figure 4. Representation of the automated analysis of the fractal dimension by ImageJ software. In the left column, digitized images of slides stained in Picrosirius under polarized light vision, at 13 and 23 months postoperatively as indicated. On the right, the corresponding computerized representation for analyzing the degree of structural fragmentation defined as a fractal dimension. Automatic analyses show a statistically significant increase in fractal dimension in later cases, indicating a progressive occurrence of tissue neoformation due to the cellularization process and collagen deposition in the receptor bed, corroborating the findings of membrane degradation kinetics.

The distribution of fractal dimension values for each subgroup, using the Box-Plot graph, shows a clear separation of values between the subgroup with the shortest follow-up time (13 months) and the subgroups (together or separately) with 22 and 23 months of follow-up. ([Graph 2]).

Graph 2. Box-plot analysis of the fractal dimension of the histological images of the acellular bovine pericardium in the different postoperative periods, showing a clear separation of values for the 13-month samples and the subgroups (together or separately) of 22 and 23 months, indicating a difference statistically significant in the progressive fragmentation of implants. ImageJ software (Make Binary, Outline Method).

Analysis using the unpaired t-test showed a statistically significant difference between 13 months versus 22 months (p=0.0058), between 13 months versus 23 months (p=0.0128), and between 13 months versus the set of 22 and 23 months (p<0.0001), with an increase in fractal dimension indicating the progressive occurrence of tissue neoformation due to the cellularization process and collagen deposition in the receptor bed. There was no statistically significant difference in the fractal dimension comparing 22 months versus 23 months (p=0.3141).

The two morphometric evaluation methods adopted had concordant findings, with a reduction in the percentage of residual implant demonstrating its progressive absorption/degradation, concomitant with the occurrence of cellularization and collagen deposition evidenced by the progressive increase in the fractal dimension.

DISCUSSION

The exponential increase in the supply of acellular matrices of different origins in recent years and the growth projections of this market[14] prove the increasing adoption of bioprostheses in different therapeutic options, as well as in tissue engineering[15], as molds for stem cell cultivation[16] and in the application of “drug delivery”[17], with MECs embedded in medicines with different purposes.

Its differential as an implant in various repair processes lies particularly in its biocompatibility characteristics, the progressive degradation/absorption of the implants, and its concomitant replacement by tissue neoformation. Furthermore, unlike synthetic implants, which can induce a polymer-dependent inflammatory response with the formation of biofilms[18] [19], acellular bioprostheses exert biological functions “in situ”, favoring regenerative processes[20] [21], in addition to allowing their application in contaminated and infected surgical sites.[22] [23]

Histological analyses based on experimental models constitute the main tool for evaluating these biological processes, with hundreds of publications describing various aspects of extracellular matrices such as tissue origin, thickness, acellularization methods, reticulation, etc. - in an attempt to indicate the best choices for the different repair processes. In the present study, it was possible to histologically observe the main biological processes in humans under normal conditions, an uncommon condition with aspects not yet described in the literature for abdominal wall repairs.

In the implanted areas, it was possible to observe the incorporation of the pericardial ECM into the recipient bed, with neovascularization and increasing presence of cellularized neotissue and adequate collagen deposition in all periods analyzed, with good quality repair and absence of inflammatory processes or important signs of immune response. In addition to excellent biocompatibility, this demonstrates that the material fulfilled its function as a biological scaffold, favoring the processes of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, serving as a substrate for tissue repair, a fundamental characteristic expected in biological structures composed of extracellular matrices[24].

Similar findings with acellular bioprostheses implanted in humans for breast reconstructions have been reported in the literature, with human[25] and porcine dermis[26] [27], describing the process of integration of ECMs as a form of normal healing, with initial neovascularization followed by progressive cellular repopulation of the matrix with cells of the receptor and absence of foreign body type reactions.

With data also not yet found in the literature, it was possible to quantify the degradation kinetics of the acellular bovine pericardium implanted in the abdominal wall, analyzed by two complementary computerized methods. In all biopsies from areas implanted in different periods, it was possible to identify standard fragments of residual acellular pericardium, which were quantified as a percentage, complemented with the analysis of the fractal dimension of the samples over time.

Both analyses indicated that the process of reabsorption and replacement by neotissue is progressive, with a statistically significant difference, observing that around 60% of the implant was reabsorbed after 13 months post-surgery and around 80% after around two years, suggesting that the entire matrix should be degraded in the long term.

Other publications also describe the degradation kinetics in percentages of residual or absorbed ECM for porcine dermis and intestinal serosa, also with morphometry computerized, by multispectral analysis of histological images[28] or with matrices marked with Carbon-14[29]. The results show the presence of residual membrane for up to 90 days for non-reticulated intestinal serous matrices, disappearing around 180 days and, for reticulated dermal matrices, much slower reabsorption, with the presence of 80% of the implant in the first 4 weeks and 50 % still present at around 6 months.

As described in the literature[7] [8] [30], this aspect confirms the greater resistance to degradation of the reticulated matrix used and may represent an advantage for repairs in which greater long-term mechanical resistance is required, such as in the abdominal wall. The functionality of degradable materials depends on the balance between the rate of degradation and the rate of tissue remodeling in the host bed, and it is necessary to understand not only the biological response to degradable biomaterials but also the expected mechanical properties of the implant and replacement tissues over time for each therapeutic application[31].

These findings are compatible with several clinical and experimental studies using different ECMs in abdominal wall repairs[32] [33], also including bovine pericardium[34], showing very satisfactory characteristics for their use even in high-risk situations[35]. In a comparative analysis with the vast literature presented, the results highlight the translational nature of the experimental models used to evaluate and characterize acellular matrices and demonstrate the close similarity of the pericardium used with those general characteristics and therapeutic applications. However, numerous particular variables can affect clinical results[36] [37] [38], highlighting here for discussion specific aspects of the receptor bed itself and the matrix used in terms of acellularization, reticulation and its presentation in liquid media.

The action of biomechanical forces acting in different locations can differentially affect collagen distribution and tissue remodeling of biological molds[39], which is a fundamental component to be considered when using ECMs in the abdominal wall[40]. The results obtained demonstrated good-quality tissue neoformation in all samples, attesting to the functionality of the implant under different levels of mechanical stress on the abdominal wall.

The pericardium used is fixed in glutaraldehyde - a technique used effectively for decades in acellular matrices[41] - and soaked post-fixation in 4% formaldehyde and is sold in this way. In addition to glutaraldehyde promoting a reduction in connective tissue antigenicity and stabilization against chemical and enzymatic degradation in varying degrees of “reticulation” [42] [43], this association has well-described terminal sterilization effects[44]. This important factor can also affect the structural properties of acellular matrices[45]. In addition to simpler processing, maintenance in liquid media is described as advantageous for tissue architecture, avoiding collapse and preserving matrix components that provide mechanical and biochemical benefits after implantation[46].

Although freeze-drying facilitates the manipulation and long-term preservation of ECMs, factors can affect their performance both during their synthesis, with disturbances of collagen fibers[47], and at the time of their implantation, with rehydration time being able to alter their biomechanical and physical properties significantly. -chemicals[48]. We can speculate that these factors also favored the behavior of the membrane used, both due to its biocompatibility and its observed degradation kinetics.

CONCLUSION

Histological analyses demonstrated similarity with all the biological characteristics described in the literature for acellular tissue matrices, and the process of integration and incorporation of ECMs could be observed in the samples, with neovascularization followed by progressive cellular repopulation of the matrix with receptor cells and collagen deposition with good healing quality, demonstrated by the increase in fractal dimension. Also relevant in humans, the degradation kinetics of the bovine pericardium matrix was quantified at approximately 60% after 13 months and 80% after approximately two years, suggesting that the entire matrix may be degraded over a longer period.

Under both aspects, the results attested to the functionality of the acellular bovine pericardium under different levels of mechanical stress in abdominal wall repairs in humans.

Conflicts of interest:

none.

Institution: Clínica Spani Vendramin, Belém, PA, Brazil.

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Publication History

Received: 14 March 2023

Accepted: 05 December 2023

Article published online:
20 May 2025