Keywords:
Sarcoma - Ewing - Neuroectodermal tumors - Primitive - Soft tissue neoplasms
Descritores:
Sarcoma - Ewing - Tumores neuroectodérmicos primitivos - Neoplasias de tecidos moles
INTRODUCTION
Ewing sarcoma family of tumors are rare malignancies derived from a common cell of
origin.[1] These neoplasms normally arise from bone or soft tissue, and are histologically
characterized by small round blue cells. Regarding their molecular basis, the Ewing
Family of tumors share a pattern of non-random chromosomal translocations. About 90%
of cases occur due to translocation of chromosome 11 and 22, t (11,22) (q24; q12).[2]
PNET (primitive neuroectodermal tumor) first called peripheral neuroepithelioma and
Askin's tumor of the chest wall, is a more differentiated member of this tumor family.
It was first described in 1918 by Stout as a tumor of the ulnar nerve, comprising
characteristics of a sarcoma, but composed of small round cells arranged as rosettes.[3]
PNET can present with a wide range of clinical features depending on the affected
site, though pain and swelling of the surrounding structures are the more common signs
and symptoms.[4]
It is recognized as an aggressive tumor, with an accelerated progression and high
relapse rate, requiring an multiprofessional approach in term soft treatment.[5] Even though fewer than 25% of patients have overt metastases at the time of diagnosis,
it is considered a systemic disease, given the high incidence of subclinical metastatic
disease.[6]
PNET occurs more frequently in individuals aged 10 to 20 years, thus being considered
as child and adolescent neoplasm.[2] Its prevalence is slightly higher in males.[7]
Disease occurrence in older patients is considered an adverse prognostic factor, although
it is not known if this is a consequence of the biological differences or differences
in treatment approach. There is some evidence that older patients treated the same
way as the younger ones may have comparable survival outcomes[8]
[9]. Here we report a PNET case in an extremely unusual age of on set forth is neoplasm.
CASE REPORT
A 69-year-old female presented with complains of swelling and pain in the nasal cavity.
She was submitted to Nasal Sinus's CT (Computed Tomography) about 6 months after symptoms
onset. Images revealed an expansive mass with soft tissues density occupying completely
the maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal and left sphenoidal sinuses, as well as the nasal
cavity and fossa, also extending itself to the left side coana and rhinopharynx, diminishing
the air column. There was no cleavage plane with the left nasal turbinates, though
it was clear that the adjacent osseous areas were remodeled and thinned including
the maxillary sinus's posterior wall ([Figure 1]).
Figure 1 Expansive lesion with soft tissue density and permeation calcifications occupying
all paranasal sinuses on the left, besides the fossa and nasal cavity, with extension
to the coana and rhinopharynx.
It was also evidenced an infundibular enlargement of the Ostium meatal complex and
bulging of the papyracea blade on the left side. CT scan indicated calcification are
as associated as well, which brought, at first, the hypothesis of a nasal sinus polyposis
([Figure 2]).
Figure 2 Determines bone remodeling with adjacent erosion, infundibular widening of the ostiomeatal
complex and bulging of the papyracea blade on the left.
Three months later, an endoscopic nasal exploration with biopsy - sinusectomy with
Caldwell Luc technic - was performed. The anatomopathological exam revealed a Large
Cells Malignant Undifferentiated Neoplasm on the sinus mucosa with positive border,
and the immunohistochemistry study demonstrated a primitive neuroectodermal tumor
pattern with cell proliferation index of 50-55%.
At the time of diagnosis, the patient had a decent performance status (ECOG 1) and
no significant comorbidities, being a candidate for aggressive treatment. Patient's
pain was controlled with oral morphine and systemic chemotherapy was initiated. Patient
was prescribed doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide plus vincristine (VAC) on odd cycles,
alternating with iphosphamide plus etoposide on even cycles (VAC/IE regimen).[10]
Unfortunately, after being submitted to 2 cycles of chemotherapy, the patient died
from a septic shock.
DISCUSSION
To our knowledge, this is the oldest reported patient reported with PNET in medical
literature. PNETs are usually classified as a child or adolescent disease, but as
shown, it may occur in older patients as well.[11]
PNET diagnosis is performed through histological analysis,[7] with immunohistochemistry support if necessary. Testing for the EWS translocation
may be necessary for diagnosis confirmation.[2] In the present case, diagnosis was made without genetic testing due to highly suggestive
histological analysis lack of material for EWS translocation testing.
Most guidelines for PNETs treatment come from data on children and adolescents. Local
control provides a survival benefit for non-metastatic disease, but all patients should
receive systemic chemotherapy[12].
The VAC/IE regiment has shown superior overall survival for non-metastatic patients
and superior progression-free survival for all patients when compared to VAC alone.[10] VAC/IE has since become the standard treatment for non-metastatic PNETs. It should
be noticed, however, that only 13% patients included in that trial were older than
18 years.
Lack of consistent evidence, poor performance, and worse treatment tolerance may account
for a less favorable prognosis when compared to the same disease in younger patients.
However, there is some evidence that this disease is still chemosensitive in these
patients. A recent retrospective study[13] found a 70% three-year disease-free survival rate for patients older than 19. Most
patients in this study were treated with the VAC/IE regimen.
CONCLUSION
PNET tumors are typically a children and adolescent disease, but as our report shows,
it can also appear in older populations - such as this 69-year-old woman.
Thus, PNET should not be ruled out as a differential diagnosis in older patients based
on age alone. Treating such patients with PNETs is a clinical challenge, but aggressive
chemotherapy should not be denied to them.
Bibliographical Record
Juliana de Almeida Zavarize, Octávio Sakahara Saito, Fernanda Proa Ferreira, Frederico
Leal, Denise Junqueira Maia Soares, Juliano Manzoli Marques Luiz. Primitive neuroectodermal
tumor in advanced age: case report. Brazilian Journal of Oncology 2020; 16: e-20200017.
DOI: 10.5935/2526-8732.20200017
