DOI: 10.1055/s-00000181

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base

eFirst

Publication Date: 16 October 2018

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Vaz-Guimaraes, Francisco; Gardner, Paul A.; Fernandez-Miranda, Juan C.: Endoscope-Assisted Retrosigmoid Approach for Cerebellopontine Angle Epidermoid Tumor

Publication Date: 15 October 2018

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Ros de San Pedro, Javier: Retrosigmoid Approach for Trapping and Removal of a Distal Dissecting Superior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm in a Child

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Tolisano, Anthony M.; Patel, Ankur R.; Barnett, Samuel L.; Isaacson, Brandon: Retrosigmoid Craniectomy for Vestibular Schwannoma with Hearing Preservation

Publication Date: 10 October 2018

Original Article

Eshraghi, Adrien A.; Oker, Natalie; Ocak, Emre; Verillaud, Benjamin; Babcock, Thomas; Camous, Domitille; Kravietz, Adam; Morcos, Jacques; Herman, Philippe; Kania, Romain: Management of Facial Nerve Schwannoma: A Multicenter Study of 50 Cases

Original Article

Panet-Raymond, Valerie; Sabit, Kushraw; Shenouda, George; Sirhan, Denis; Zeitouni, Anthony; Souhami, Luis: Growth of Pituitary Macroadenomas Postpartial Resection: Implications for Adjuvant Radiotherapy

Publication Date: 09 October 2018

Original Article

Graffeo, Christopher S.; Peris-Celda, Maria; Perry, Avital; Carlstrom, Lucas P.; Driscoll, Colin L.W.; Link, Michael J.: Anatomical Step-by-Step Dissection of Complex Skull Base Approaches for Trainees: Surgical Anatomy of the Posterior Petrosal Approach

Original Article

Peris-Celda, Maria; Graffeo, Christopher S.; Perry, Avital; Kerezoudis, Panagiotis; Tombers, Nicole M.; Carlson, Matthew L.; Link, Michael J.: Main Symptom that Led to Medical Evaluation and Diagnosis of Vestibular Schwannoma and Patient-Reported Tumor Size: Cross-sectional Study in 1,304 Patients

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Evangelista-Zamora, Rocio; Lieber, Stefan; Ebner, Florian H.; Tatagiba, Marcos: Retrosigmoid Transmeatal Endoscope-Assisted Approach in Semi-Sitting Position for Resection of Vestibular Schwannoma: 2-D operative Video

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Reghin Neto, Mateus; Melo Almeida, Heros Henrique; Almeida, João Paulo; Alexim, Ygor Peçanha; de Almeida, Matheus Merula; Tavares, Rodrigo Lima; Corrêa, Antonio Carlos; de Oliveira, Evandro: Suboccipital Lateral Approach for Resection of Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma: Operative Video and Technical Nuances

Publication Date: 01 October 2018

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Lieber, Stefan; Evangelista-Zamora, Rocio; Ebner, Florian H.; Tatagiba, Marcos: Resection of a Petroclival Meningioma via the Endoscope-Assisted Retrosigmoid Approach: 2-D Operative Video

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Matsushima, Ken; Kohno, Michihiro; Nakajima, Nobuyuki; Ichimasu, Norio: Trochlear Nerve Repair during Retrosigmoid Suprameatal Approach for Petrotentorial Meningioma: Operative Video

Publication Date: 25 September 2018

Original Article

Visagan, Ravindran; Hall, Andrew; Bradford, Robert; Khalil, Sherif; Saeed, Shakeel Riaz: Is There a Difference in Hospital Stay between Patients undergoing Translabyrinthine or Retrosigmoid Surgery for Vestibular Schwannoma Stratified by Tumor Size?

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Abou-Al-Shaar, Hussam; Alzhrani, Gmaan; Gozal, Yair M.; Couldwell, William T.: Retrosigmoid Approach for Resection of Cerebellar Peduncle Cavernoma

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Abou-Al-Shaar, Hussam; Gozal, Yair M.; Alzhrani, Gmaan; Couldwell, William T.: Retrosigmoid Approach for Resection of Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Aydin, Ilhan; Sayyahmelli, Sima; Pyle, Mark; Baskaya, Mustafa K.: Gross Total Resection of a Jugular Foramen Thyroid Medullary Metastasis via a Transjugular Transsigmoid Approach

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Basma, Jaafar; Nguyen, Vincent; Sorenson, Jeffrey; Michael, L. Madison: Extended Retrosigmoid Approach for the Resection of a Pontomedullary Junction Cavernous Malformation

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Eser Ocak, Pinar; Başkaya, Mustafa Kemal: A Rare Complication of Endovascular Embolization: Extruded Onyx on Trigeminal Nerve

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Gajski, Domagoj; Dennis, Alicia R.; Arnautović, Kenan I.: Microsurgical Decompression of Trigeminal Neuralgia Caused by Simultaneous Double Arterial (SCA and AICA) and Petrosal Vein Complex Compression

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Kalani, M. Yashar S.; Couldwell, William T.: Retrosigmoid Craniotomy for Resection of an Epidermoid Cyst of the Posterior Fossa

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Kalani, M. Yashar S.; Couldwell, William T.: Extreme Lateral Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approach to the Lateral Midbrain

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Kunigelis, Katherine E.; Craig, Daniel; Yang, Alexander; Gubbels, Samuel; Youssef, A. Samy: Presigmoid Approach to Dumbbell Trigeminal Schwannoma

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Kunigelis, Katherine; Yang, Alexander; Youssef, A. Samy: Endoscopic Assisted Retrosigmoid Approach for Cerebellopontine Angle Epidermoid Tumor

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Peris-Celda, Maria; Graffeo, Christopher S.; Perry, Avital; Carlstrom, Lucas P.; Link, Michael J.: Trigeminal Nerve Schwannoma of the Cerebellopontine Angle

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Rassi, Marcio S.; Zamponi, Johnni O.; Cândido, Duarte N. C.; Oliveira, Jean G. de; Passos, Gustavo A. R.; Borba, Luis A. B.: Combined Presigmoid and Retrosigmoid Approach to Petroclival Meningiomas

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Sayyahmelli, Sima; Ahmetspahic, Adi; Baskaya, Mustafa K.: Gross Total Resection of Large Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma with a Supratentorial Extension via Retrosigmoid Approach with Suprameatal Drilling and Tentorial Sectioning

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Sayyahmelli, Sima; Roche, Joseph; Baskaya, Mustafa K.: Microsurgical Gross Total Resection of a Large Residual/Recurrent Vestibular Schwannoma via Translabyrinthine Approach

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Sayyahmelli, Sima; Ucer, Melih; Baskaya, Mustafa K.: Microsurgical Gross Total Resection of a WHO Grade II Cerebellopontine Angle Ependymoma in an Adult

Skull Base: Operative Videos

Yang, Alexander; Kunigelis, Katherine; Youssef, A. Samy: Retrosigmoid Approach to the Posterior Fossa Trigeminal Schwannoma

Publication Date: 20 September 2018

Original Article

Todeschini, Alexandre Bossi; Santos, Américo Rubens Leite dos; Dolci, Ricardo Landini Lutaif; Lima Junior, José Viana; Scalissi, Nilza Maria; Lazarini, Paulo Roberto: Long Term Follow-up after Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for the Treatment of Cushing's Disease

Publication Date: 06 September 2018

Invited Review

Deep, Nicholas L.; Dowling, Eric M.; Jethanamest, Daniel; Carlson, Matthew L.: Cochlear Implantation: An Overview

Original Article

Laleva, Lili; Spiriev, Toma; Dallan, Iacopo; Prats-Galino, Alberto; Catapano, Giuseppe; Nakov, Vladimir; de Notaris, Matteo: Pure Endoscopic Lateral Orbitotomy Approach to the Cavernous Sinus, Posterior, and Infratemporal Fossae: Anatomic Study

Original Article

Matias, Jose Gabrielle; Jusue-Torres, Ignacio; Martin, Brendan; Bajaj, Ankush; Borys, Ewa; Melian, Edward; Barton, Kevin; Anderson, Douglas E.; Prabhu, Vikram C.: Value of Ki-67 Labeling Index in Predicting Recurrence of WHO Grade I Cranial Base Meningiomas

Original Article

Yawn, Robert J.; Dedmon, Matthew M.; Xie, Deborah; Thompson, Reid C.; O'Malley, Matthew R.; Bennett, Marc L.; Rivas, Alejandro; Haynes, David S.: Delayed Facial Nerve Paralysis after Vestibular Schwannoma Resection

Publication Date: 04 September 2018

Original Article

Gode, Sercan; Lieber, Stefan; Nakassa, Ana Carolina Igami; Wang, Eric W.; Fernandez-Miranda, Juan C.; Gardner, Paul A.; Snyderman, Carl H.: Clinical Experience with Secondary Endoscopic Reconstruction of Clival Defects with Extracranial Pericranial Flaps

Publication Date: 28 August 2018

Original Article

Dolci, Ricardo L.L.; Burchianti, Lívia Castellari; Todeschini, Alexandre Bossi; Lopes, Andre Fanhani; Barros, Mirna Duarte; Santos, Américo Rubens Leite dos; Lazarini, Paulo Roberto: Technique for Latex Injection and Reuse of Human Heads Preserved in Formaldehyde

Original Article

Neves, Maick Willen Fernandes; de Aguiar, Paulo Henrique Pires; Belsuzarri, Telmo Augusto Barba; de Araujo, André Monteiro Soares; Paganelli, Samantha Lorena; Maldaun, Marcos Vinicius Calfat: Microsurgical Management of Trigeminal Schwannoma: Cohort Analysis and Systematic Review

Publication Date: 24 August 2018

Original Article

Jain, Sumit; Li, Yan; Kuan, Edward C.; Tajudeen, Bobby A.; Batra, Pete S.: Prognostic Factors in Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma: A SEER Database Analysis

Original Article

Mastorakos, Panagiotis; Mehta, Gautam U.; Chatrath, Ajay; Moosa, Shayan; Lopes, Maria-Beatriz; Payne, Spencer C.; Jane, John A.: Tumor to Cerebellar Peduncle T2-Weighted Imaging Intensity Ratio Fails to Predict Pituitary Adenoma Consistency

Publication Date: 21 August 2018

Original Article

González-Darder, José M.: Combined Extradural and Intradural Pterional Transzygomatic Approach to Large Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas. Operative Technique and Surgical Results

Original Article

Ito, Seiro; Saegusa, Takashi; Ozawa, Yoshinori; Higuchi, Yoshinori; Iwadate, Yasuo; Serizawa, Toru; Nagano, Osamu; Kageyama, Yusuke; Yamakami, Iwao: Function-Preserving Multimodal Treatment for Jugular Foramen Meningiomas

Original Article

Liang, Yuanxin; Heller, Robert S.; Wu, Julian K.; Heilman, Carl B.; Tischler, Arthur S.; Arkun, Knarik: High p16 Expression Is Associated with Malignancy and Shorter Disease-Free Survival Time in Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma

Publication Date: 16 August 2018

Original Article

Neal, Elliot; Pressman, Elliot; Athienitis, Alexia; Turner, Adam; Ma, Shunchang; Rao, Gautam; Primiani, Christopher; Agarwalla, Pankaj; van Loveren, Harry; Agazzi, Siviero: Indications and Safety of the Zygomatic Osteotomy in Middle Cranial Fossa Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Review
Supplementary Material

Original Article

Workman, Alan D.; Brody, Robert M.; Kuan, Edward C.; Baranov, Esther; Brooks, Steven G.; Alonso-Basanta, Michelle; Newman, Jason G.; Rassekh, Christopher H.; Chalian, Ara A.; Chiu, Alexander G.; Weinstein, Gregory S.; Feldman, Michael D.; Adappa, Nithin D.; O'Malley, Bert W.; Palmer, James N.: Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma: A 15-Year Single Institution Experience

Publication Date: 30 July 2018

Original Article

Moon, In Seok; Cha, Dongchul; Nam, Sung-Il; Lee, Hyun-Jin; Choi, Jae Young: The Feasibility of a Modified Exclusive Endoscopic Transcanal Transpromontorial Approach for Vestibular Schwannomas
Supplementary Material

Publication Date: 25 July 2018

Original Article

Wei, Li; Burke, John; Benet, Arnau; Aghi, Manish; Gurrola, Jose; El-Sayed, Ivan: Endoscope Image Capture System with Mirrorless Camera

Publication Date: 23 July 2018

Original Article

Heesterman, Berdine L.; Bokhorst, John-Melle; de Pont, Lisa M. H.; Verbist, Berit M.; Bayley, Jean-Pierre; van der Mey, Andel G. L.; Corssmit, Eleonora P. M.; Hes, Frederik J.; van Benthem, Peter Paul G.; Jansen, Jeroen C.: Mathematical Models for Tumor Growth and the Reduction of Overtreatment

Publication Date: 20 July 2018

Original Article

Shin, James; Forbes, Jonathan; Lehner, Kurt; Tomasiewicz, Hilarie; Schwartz, Theodore H.; Phillips, C. Douglas: Skull Base 3D Modeling of Rigid Buttress for Gasket-Seal Closure Using Operative Endoscopic Imaging: Cadaveric Feasibility

Publication Date: 17 July 2018

Original Article

Ehresman, Jeff S.; Garzon-Muvdi, Tomas; Rogers, Davis; Lim, Michael; Gallia, Gary L.; Weingart, Jon; Brem, Henry; Bettegowda, Chetan; Chaichana, Kaisorn L.: Risk of Developing Postoperative Deficits Based on Tumor Location after Surgical Resection of an Intracranial Meningioma

Publication Date: 16 July 2018

Original Article

Bi, Wenya Linda; Mooney, Michael A.; Yoon, Seungwon; Gupta, Saksham; Lawton, Michael T.; Almefty, Kaith K.; Corrales, C. Eduardo; Dunn, Ian F.: Variation in Coding Practices for Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery

Original Article

Chitguppi, Chandala; Koszewski, Ian; Collura, Kaitlin; Curtis, Mark; Nyquist, Gurston; Rabinowitz, Mindy; Rosen, Marc: Biphenotypic Sinonasal Sarcoma—Case Report and Review of Clinicopathological Features and Diagnostic Modalities

Publication Date: 06 July 2018

Original Article

Taufique, Zahrah M.; Bhatt, Nupur; Zagzag, David; Lebowitz, Richard A.; Lieberman, Seth M.: Revascularization of AlloDerm Used during Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

Publication Date: 03 July 2018

Original Article

Rizk, Ahmed R.; Mehlitz, Marcus; Bettag, Martin: Chances of Improvement in Cases of Vestibular Schwannoma Presenting with Facial Nerve Weakness: Presentation of Two Cases and Literature Review

Publication Date: 29 June 2018

Original Article

Ravina, Kristine; Strickland, Ben A.; Rennert, Robert C.; Bakhsheshian, Joshua; Russin, Jonathan J.; Giannotta, Steven L.: Revision Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm: Factors Associated with Surgical Failure

Publication Date: 19 June 2018

Original Article

Pukšec, Mirjana; Semenski, Damir; Ježek, Damir; Brnčić, Mladen; Karlović, Sven; Jakovčević, Antonia; Bosanac, Goran; Jurlina, Martin: Biomechanical Comparison of the Temporalis Muscle Fascia, the Fascia Lata, and the Dura Mater

Publication Date: 18 June 2018

Erratum

Montaser, Alaa S.; Revuelta Barbero, Juan M.; Shahein, Mostafa; Todeschini, Alexandre B.; Otto, Bradley A.; Carrau, Ricardo L.; Prevedello, Daniel M.: Erratum: Endoscopic Endonasal Transtuberculum Sellae Approach for the Resection of Suprasellar Epidermoid Cyst

Publication Date: 14 June 2018

Original Article

Barnett, Catherine M.; Sommerville, Ryan S.; Lin, Charles; Ratnayake, Gishan; Hughes, Brett; Taheri, Touraj: CXCR4 and PD-1 Expression in Head and Neck Cancer with Perineural Spread

Publication Date: 08 June 2018

Case Report

Casolla, Barbara; Candela, Serena; Ciacciarelli, Antonio; Ciolli, Ludovico; Romano, Andrea; Acqui, Michele; Cox, Maria Christina; Sette, Giuliano; Orzi, Francesco: Relapsing Long-Lasting Garcin Syndrome Revealing Skull Base Diffuse B Cell Lymphoma: The Diagnosis through the “Hartel's Route”

Publication Date: 05 June 2018

Original Article

Fam, Maged D.; Potash, Andrea; Potash, Martin; Robinson, Robert; Karnell, Lucy; O'Brien, Erin; Greenlee, Jeremy D. W.: Skull Base Dural Thickness and Relationship to Demographic Features: A Postmortem Study and Literature Review

Publication Date: 31 May 2018

Original Article

Rusheen, Aaron E.; Smadbeck, James B.; Schimmenti, Lisa A.; Klee, Eric W.; Link, Michael J.; Vasmatzis, George; Carlson, Matthew L.: Proposal for Modification of Cahan's Criteria Utilizing Molecular Genetic Analyses for Cases without Baseline Histopathology: A Unique Method Applicable to Primary Radiosurgery

Publication Date: 28 May 2018

Original Article

Magill, Stephen T.; Shahin, Maryam N.; Lucas, Calixto-Hope G.; Yen, Adam J.; Lee, David S.; Raleigh, David R.; Aghi, Manish K.; Theodosopoulos, Philip V.; McDermott, Michael W.: Surgical Outcomes, Complications, and Management Strategies for Foramen Magnum Meningiomas

Publication Date: 25 May 2018

Original Article

Almotairi, Fawaz S.; Andersson, Mats; Andersson, Olof; Skoglund, Thomas; Tisell, Magnus: Swallowing Dysfunction in Adult Patients with Chiari I Malformation

Publication Date: 14 May 2018

Original Article

Lagman, Carlito; Sheppard, John P.; Beckett, Joel S.; Tucker, Alexander M.; Nagasawa, Daniel T.; Prashant, Giyarpuram N.; Ziman, Alyssa; Yang, Isaac: Red Blood Cell Transfusions Following Resection of Skull Base Meningiomas: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes

Publication Date: 10 May 2018

Original Article

Lang, Min; Habboub, Ghaith; Moon, Doksu; Bandyopadhyay, Abin; Silva, Danilo; Kennedy, Laurence; Kshettry, Varun R.; Recinos, Pablo F.: Comparison of Constructive Interference in Steady-State and T1-Weighted MRI Sequence at Detecting Pituitary Adenomas in Cushing's Disease Patients

Original Article

Makarenko, Serge; Ye, Vincent; Akagami, Ryojo: Natural History, Multimodal Management, and Quality of Life Outcomes of Trigeminal Schwannomas

Original Article

Ruangkanchanasetr, Rawee; Lee, John Y.K.; Nagda, Suneel N.; Geiger, Geoffrey A.; Kolker, James D.; Bigelow, Douglas C.; Ruckenstein, Michael J.; Nasrallah, MacLean; Alonso-Basanta, Michelle: Toxicity of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery May Be Greater in Patients with Lower Cranial Nerve Schwannomas

Publication Date: 30 April 2018

Original Article

Nation, Javan; Schupper, Alexander J.; Deconde, Adam; Levy, Michael: Pediatric Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches for Skull Base Lesions in the Very Young: Is It Safe and Effective?

Publication Date: 13 April 2018

Original Article

Kim, Do Hyun; Hong, Yong-Kil; Jeun, Sin-Soo; Park, Jae-Sung; Kim, Soo Whan; Cho, Jin Hee; Park, Yong Jin; Kim, Seon Ik; Kim, Sung Won: Is Septoplasty Necessary When Using the Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach for a Deviated Nasal Septum?

Original Article

Lin, Kenny F.; Stewart, Claire R.; Steig, Philip E.; Brennan, Cameron W.; Gutin, Philip H.; Selesnick, Samuel H.: Incidence of Prolonged Systemic Steroid Treatment after Surgery for Acoustic Neuroma and Its Implications

Original Article

Zhang, Michael; Azad, Tej D.; Singh, Harminder; Salam, Smeer; Jain, Saurabh; Anand, Vijay K.; Schwartz, Theodore H.: Lumbar Puncture for the Injection of Intrathecal Fluorescein: Should It Be Avoided in a Subset of Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Sellar and Parasellar Lesions?

Publication Date: 12 April 2018

Original Article

Jödicke, Andreas; Ottenhausen, Malte; Lenarz, Thomas: Clinical Use of Navigation in Lateral Skull Base Surgery: Results of a Multispecialty National Survey among Skull Base Surgeons in Germany

Original Article

Wang, Anthony C.; Shah, Ashish H.; Sidani, Charif; Gaynor, Brandon G.; Dockrell, Simon; Burks, S. Shelby; Sargi, Zoukaa B.; Casiano, Roy R.; Morcos, Jacques J.: Volumetry in the Assessment of Pituitary Adenoma Resection: Endoscopy versus Microscopy

Publication Date: 09 April 2018

Original Article

Epprecht, Lorenz; Mosimann, Marc; Vital, Domenic; Holzmann, David: Morbidity and Volumetric Progression in Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma in a Long-Term Follow-Up

Original Article

Peng, Kevin A.; Chen, Brian S.; Lorenz, Mark B.; Lekovic, Gregory P.; Schwartz, Marc S.; Slattery, William H.; Wilkinson, Eric P.: Revision Surgery for Vestibular Schwannomas

Publication Date: 21 March 2018

Original Article

Parasher, Arjun K.; Workman, Alan D.; Kidwai, Sarah M.; Goljo, Erden; Signore, Anthony Del; Iloreta, Alfred M.; Genden, Eric M.; Shrivastava, Raj; Navathe, Amol; Govindaraj, Satish: Costs in Pituitary Surgery: Racial, Socioeconomic, and Hospital Factors

Publication Date: 09 March 2018

Original Article

Ringel, Barak; Carmel-Neiderman, Narin N.; Ben-Ner, Daniel; Pery, Aviyah; Safadi, Ahmad; Abergel, Avraham; Margalit, Nevo; Fliss, Dan M.: Outcomes of Craniofacial Open Surgery in Octogenarians

Publication Date: 19 January 2018

Letter to the Editor

Mangussi-Gomes, João; Balsalobre, Leonardo L.; Gomes, Marcos Q. T.; Vellutini, Eduardo A. S.; Stamm, Aldo C.: Hemi-transseptal versus Combined Transseptal/Transnasal Approach to the Sellar Region: Differences in Incidence of Postoperative CSF Leak Rate

Publication Date: 13 December 2017

Letter to the Editor

Manoharan, Kiruba Shankar; Bora, Santanu; Suri, Ashish: In Response to “Facial Nerve Schwannomas Mimicking as Vestibular Schwannomas” by Beth N. McNulty et al

Publication Date: 12 July 2017

Erratum

Costantino, Peter D.; Shamouelian, David; Tham, Tristan; Andrews, Robert; Dec, Wojciech: Erratum: The Laparoscopically Harvested Omental Free Flap: A Compelling Option for Craniofacial and Cranial Base Reconstruction

Publication Date: 26 December 2016

Erratum

Dundar, Yusuf; Cannon, Richard B.; Monroe, Marcus M.; Buchmann, Luke Oliver; Hunt, Jason Patrick: Erratum: Skull Base Invasion Patterns and Survival Outcomes of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

Publication Date: 21 October 2016

Erratum

Devaiah, Anand; Murchison, Charles: Erratum: A Review of Skull Base Tumor Clinical Trials: Past Trends and Future Opportunities