Endoscopy 2013; 45(12): 1039-1046
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1344794
Review
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Updating the management of patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors

Louis de Mestier
1   Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital Robert-Debré, Reims, France
,
Hedia Brixi
1   Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital Robert-Debré, Reims, France
,
Rodica Gincul
2   Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hospital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
,
Thierry Ponchon
2   Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hospital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
,
Guillaume Cadiot
1   Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital Robert-Debré, Reims, France
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

submitted 30 January 2013

accepted after revision 11 July 2013

Publication Date:
25 October 2013 (online)

Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) account for approximately one-third of all digestive NETs, with an increasing incidence and good overall prognosis. Although recent guidelines have been published, endoscopic techniques have expanded substantially and the most recent reports should be taken into account for clinical practice. The objectives of this report were to review the latest advances on prognosis, pre-interventional explorations, treatment – with particular focus on endoscopy – and surveillance of well-differentiated rectal NETs, excluding poorly differentiated and metastatic tumors.

 
  • References

  • 1 Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A et al. One hundred years after “Carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3063-3072
  • 2 Tsikitis VL, Wertheim BC, Guerrero MA. Trends of incidence and survival of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors in the United States: a SEER analysis. J Cancer 2012; 3: 292-302
  • 3 Avenel P, McKendrick A, Silapaswan S et al. Gastrointestinal carcinoids: an increasing incidence of rectal distribution. Am Surg 2010; 76: 759-763
  • 4 Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer 2003; 97: 934-959
  • 5 Balmadrid BL, Thomas CM, Coffman CJ et al. Factors associated with survival of veterans with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 2012: 986708
  • 6 Frilling A, Akerström G, Falconi M et al. Neuroendocrine tumor disease: an evolving landscape. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19: R163-R185
  • 7 Caplin M, Sundin A, Nillson O et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95: 88-97
  • 8 Landry CS, Brock G, Scoggins CR et al. A proposed staging system for rectal carcinoid tumors based on an analysis of 4701 patients. Surgery 2008; 144: 460-466
  • 9 Niederle MB, Hackl M, Kaserer K et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: the current incidence and staging based on the WHO and European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society classification: an analysis based on prospectively collected parameters. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17: 909-918
  • 10 Ito T, Sasano H, Tanaka M et al. Epidemiological study of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 234-243
  • 11 Cho MY, Kim JM, Sohn JH et al. Current trends of the incidence and pathological diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) in Korea 2000–2009: multicenter study. Cancer Res Treat 2012; 44: 157-165
  • 12 Konishi T, Watanabe T, Kishimoto J et al. Prognosis and risk factors of metastasis in colorectal carcinoids: results of a nationwide registry over 15 years. Gut 2007; 56: 863-868
  • 13 Scherübl H, Jensen RT, Cadiot G et al. Management of early gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 3: 133-139
  • 14 Shields CJ, Tiret E, Winter DC. Carcinoid tumors of the rectum: a multi-institutional international collaboration. Ann Surg 2010; 252: 750-755
  • 15 Fahy BN, Tang LH, Klimstra D et al. Carcinoid of the rectum risk stratification (CaRRs): a strategy for preoperative outcome assessment. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 1735-1743
  • 16 Park CH, Cheon JH, Kim JO et al. Criteria for decision making after endoscopic resection of well-differentiated rectal carcinoids with regard to potential lymphatic spread. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 790-795
  • 17 Holinga J, Khalid A, Fasanella K et al. Metastatic risk of diminutive rectal carcinoid tumors: a need for surveillance rectal ultrasound?. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 913-916
  • 18 Fujimoto Y, Oya M, Kuroyanagi H et al. Lymph-node metastases in rectal carcinoids. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395: 139-142
  • 19 Konishi T, Watanabe T, Nagawa H et al. Treatment of colorectal carcinoids: a new paradigm. World J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 2: 153-156
  • 20 Wang M, Peng J, Yang W et al. Prognostic analysis for carcinoid tumors of the rectum: a single institutional analysis of 106 patients. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13: 150-153
  • 21 Kasuga A, Chino A, Uragami N et al. Treatment strategy for rectal carcinoids: a clinicopathological analysis of 229 cases at a single cancer institution. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27: 1801-1807
  • 22 Soga J. Early-stage carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract: an analysis of 1914 reported cases. Cancer 2005; 103: 1587-1595
  • 23 Kobayashi K, Katsumata T, Yoshizawa S et al. Indications of endoscopic polypectomy for rectal carcinoid tumors and clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 48: 285-291
  • 24 Ishii N, Horiki N, Itoh T et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection and preoperative assessment with endoscopic ultrasonography for the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 1413-1419
  • 25 Son HJ, Sohn DK, Hong CW et al. Factors associated with complete local excision of small rectal carcinoid tumor. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28: 57-61
  • 26 Abe T, Kakemura T, Fujinuma S et al. Successful outcomes of EMR-L with 3D-EUS for rectal carcinoids compared with historical controls. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 4054-4058
  • 27 Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Yano H et al. More effective endoscopic resection with a two-channel colonoscope for carcinoid tumors of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 1438-1439
  • 28 Kwaan MR, Goldberg JE, Bleday R. Rectal carcinoid tumors: review of results after endoscopic and surgical therapy. Arch Surg 2008; 143: 471-475
  • 29 Imada-Shirakata Y, Sakai M, Kajiyama T et al. Endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoid tumors using aspiration lumpectomy. Endoscopy 1997; 29: 34-38
  • 30 Oshitani N, Hamasaki N, Sawa Y et al. Endoscopic resection of small rectal carcinoid tumours using an aspiration method with a transparent overcap. J Int Med Res 2000; 28: 241-246
  • 31 Nagai T, Torishima R, Nakashima H et al. Saline-assisted endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoids: cap aspiration method versus simple snare resection. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 202-205
  • 32 Kim YJ, Lee SK, Cheon JH et al. [Efficacy of endoscopic resection for small rectal carcinoid: a retrospective study]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2008; 51: 174-180
  • 33 Zhao ZF, Zhang N, Ma SR et al. A comparative study on endoscopy treatment in rectal carcinoid tumors. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2012; 22: 260-263
  • 34 Koyama N, Yoshida H, Nihei M et al. Endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoids using double snare polypectomy technique. Dig Endosc 1998; 10: 42-45
  • 35 Berkelhammer C, Jasper I, Kirvaitis E et al. “Band-snare” resection of small rectal carcinoid tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 582-585
  • 36 Ono A, Fujii T, Saito Y et al. Endoscopic submucosal resection of rectal carcinoid tumors with a ligation device. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 583-587
  • 37 Moon JH, Kim JH, Park CH et al. Endoscopic submucosal resection with double ligation technique for treatment of small rectal carcinoid tumors. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 511-514
  • 38 Mashimo Y, Matsuda T, Uraoka T et al. Endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device is an effective and safe treatment for carcinoid tumors in the lower rectum. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 218-221
  • 39 Onozato Y, Kakizaki S, Iizuka H et al. Endoscopic treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53: 169-176
  • 40 Lee SH, Park SJ, Kim HH et al. Endoscopic resection for rectal carcinoid tumors: comparison of polypectomy and endoscopic submucosal resection with band ligation. Clin Endosc 2012; 45: 89-94
  • 41 Kim HH, Park SJ, Lee SH et al. Efficacy of endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device for removing small rectal carcinoid tumors compared with endoscopic mucosal resection: analysis of 100 cases. Dig Endosc 2012; 24: 159-163
  • 42 Niimi K, Goto O, Fujishiro M et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection with a ligation device or endoscopic submucosal dissection for rectal carcinoid tumors: an analysis of 24 consecutive cases. Dig Endosc 2012; 24: 443-447
  • 43 Kim KM, Eo SJ, Shim SG et al. Treatment outcomes according to endoscopic treatment modalities for rectal carcinoid tumors. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013; 37: 275-282
  • 44 Park HW, Byeon JS, Park YS et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 143-149
  • 45 Lee DS, Jeon SW, Park SY et al. The feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection for rectal carcinoid tumors: comparison with endoscopic mucosal resection. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 647-651
  • 46 Yamaguchi N, Isomoto H, Nishiyama H et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for rectal carcinoid tumors. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 504-508
  • 47 Zhou PH, Yao LQ, Qin XY et al. Advantages of endoscopic submucosal dissection with needle-knife over endoscopic mucosal resection for small rectal carcinoid tumors: a retrospective study. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 2607-2612
  • 48 Suzuki S, Ishii N, Uemura M et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Surg Endosc 2012; 26: 759-763
  • 49 Kajiyama T, Hajiro K, Sakai M et al. Endoscopic resection of gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: a comparison between strip biopsy and aspiration lumpectomy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44: 404-410
  • 50 Anthony LB, Strosberg JR, Klimstra DS et al. The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): well-differentiated NETs of the distal colon and rectum. Pancreas 2010; 39: 767-774
  • 51 Shida T, Aminaka M, Shirai Y et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection with a ligation device for the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumor. Endoscopy 2012; 44 Suppl 2: E4-E5
  • 52 Jeong WK, Park JW, Choi HS et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal tumors: experience at Korea’s National Cancer Center. Surg Endosc 2009; 23: 2575-2579
  • 53 Kinoshita T, Kanehira E, Omura K et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumor. Surg Endosc 2007; 21: 970-974
  • 54 Suzuki H, Furukawa K, Kan H et al. The role of transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal tumors. J Nihon Med Sch 2005; 72: 278-284
  • 55 Kumar AS, Sidani SM, Kolli K et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal carcinoids: the largest reported United States experience. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14: 562-566
  • 56 Colonoscopy Study Group of Korean Society of Coloproctology. Clinical characteristics of colorectal carcinoid tumors. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 2011; 27: 17-20
  • 57 Bensoussan M, Lamarque D, Dousset B et al. [What is the place of the endoscopic treatment in the endocrine tumors of the rectum? ]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008; 32: 985-988
  • 58 Jeon SM, Lee JH, Hong SP et al. Feasibility of salvage endoscopic mucosal resection by using a cap for remnant rectal carcinoids after primary EMR. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 1009-1014
  • 59 Hurlstone DP, Shorthouse AJ, Brown SR et al. Salvage endoscopic submucosal dissection for residual or local recurrent intraepithelial neoplasia in the colorectum: a prospective analysis. Colorectal Dis 2008; 10: 891-897
  • 60 Merg A, Wirtzfeld D, Wang J et al. Viability of endoscopic and excisional treatment of early rectal carcinoids. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: 893-897