Aktualisierte S2k-Leitlinie chronische Obstipation der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie & Motilität (DGNM) – April 2022 – AWMF-Registriernummer: 021–019

• Literatur

• 1 Layer P, Andresen V. 5.2. Reizdarmsyndrom und chronische Obstipation – Medizinische Übersicht in Weissbuch 2020/21. Berlin: Frank Lammert, Petra Lynen Jansen, Markus Lerch; 2019
• 2 Lynen Jansen P, Siegmund B, Nothacker M. et al. Das Leitlinienprogramm der DGVS 2017. Z Gastroenterol 2017; 55: 39-49
• 3 Andresen V, Enck P, Frieling T. et al. S2k-Leitlinie Chronische Obstipation: Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 651-672
• 4 Probert CS, Emmett PM, Cripps HA. et al. Evidence for the ambiguity of the term constipation: the role of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1994; 35: 1455-1458
• 5 Peppas G, Alexiou VG, Mourtzoukou E. et al. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2008; 8: 5
• 6 Russo M, Martinelli M, Sciorio E. et al. Stool consistency, but not frequency, correlates with total gastrointestinal transit time in children. J Pediatr 2013; 162: 1188-1192
• 7 Mearin F, Lacy BE, Chang L. et al. Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016;
• 8 Werth BL, Williams KA, Fisher MJ. et al. Defining constipation to estimate its prevalence in the community: results from a national survey. BMC Gastroenterology 2019; 19: 75
• 9 Russo M, Strisciuglio C, Scarpato E. et al. Functional Chronic Constipation: Rome III Criteria Versus Rome IV Criteria. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25: 123-128
• 10 Palsson OS, Whitehead W, Törnblom H. et al. Prevalence of Rome IV Functional Bowel Disorders Among Adults in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 1262-1273.e3
• 11 Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25: 3-18
• 12 Suares NC, Ford AC. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic idiopathic constipation in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 1582-1591 ; quiz 1581, 1592
• 13 Moezi P, Salehi A, Molavi H. et al. Prevalence of Chronic Constipation and Its Associated Factors in Pars Cohort Study: A Study of 9000 Adults in Southern Iran. Middle East J Dig Dis 2018; 10: 75-83
• 14 Ghoshal UC. Chronic constipation in Rome IV era: The Indian perspective. Indian J Gastroenterol 2017; 36: 163-173
• 15 Huang L, Jiang H, Zhu M. et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Constipation Among Women Aged 50 Years and Older in Shanghai, China. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23: 2660-2667
• 16 Udoh EE, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for functional constipation in adolescent Nigerians. Arch Dis Child 2017; 102: 841-844
• 17 Tamura A, Tomita T, Oshima T. et al. Prevalence and Self-recognition of Chronic Constipation: Results of an Internet Survey. Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility 2016; 22: 677-685
• 18 Zhang M, Yang X-J, Zhu H-M. et al. Epidemiological study of elderly constipation in Beijing. World journal of gastroenterology 2015; 21: 13368-13373
• 19 Wald A, Scarpignato C, Mueller-Lissner S. et al. A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 917-930
• 20 Enck P, Leinert J, Smid M. et al. Prevalence of constipation in the German population – a representative survey (GECCO). United European Gastroenterology Journal 2015; 4: 429-437
• 21 Higgins PD, Johanson JF. Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 750-759
• 22 Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG. et al. An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 3130-3137
• 23 Galvez C, Garrigues V, Ortiz V. et al. Healthcare seeking for constipation: a population-based survey in the Mediterranean area of Spain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 421-428
• 24 Fosnes GS, Lydersen S, Farup PG. Constipation and diarrhoea – common adverse drug reactions? A cross sectional study in the general population. BMC Clin Pharmacol 2011; 11: 2
• 25 Campbell AJ, Busby WJ, Horwath CC. Factors associated with constipation in a community based sample of people aged 70 years and over. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47: 23-26
• 26 Bytzer P, Howell S, Leemon M. et al. Low socioeconomic class is a risk factor for upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms: a population based study in 15 000 Australian adults. Gut 2001; 49: 66-72
• 27 Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ. Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 185-189
• 28 Enck P, Leinert J, Smid M. et al. Functional Constipation and Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the General Population: Data from the GECCO Study. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016: 3186016
• 29 Wald A, Scarpignato C, Kamm MA. et al. The burden of constipation on quality of life: results of a multinational survey. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2007; 26: 227-236
• 30 Belsey J, Greenfield S, Candy D. et al. Systematic review: impact of constipation on quality of life in adults and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 938-949
• 31 Wald A, Sigurdsson L. Quality of life in children and adults with constipation. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 2011; 25: 19-27
• 32 Marquis P, De La Loge C, Dubois D. et al. Development and validation of the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 540-551
• 33 Tack J, Camilleri M, Dubois D. et al. Association between health-related quality of life and symptoms in patients with chronic constipation: an integrated analysis of three phase 3 trials of prucalopride. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27: 397-405
• 34 Sun SX, Dibonaventura M, Purayidathil FW. et al. Impact of chronic constipation on health-related quality of life, work productivity, and healthcare resource use: an analysis of the National Health and Wellness Survey. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 2688-2695
• 35 Dik VK, Siersema PD, Joseph A. et al. Constipation-related direct medical costs in 16 887 patients newly diagnosed with chronic constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26: 1260-1266
• 36 Neri L, Basilisco G, Corazziari E. et al. Constipation severity is associated with productivity losses and healthcare utilization in patients with chronic constipation. United European Gastroenterol J 2014; 2: 138-147
• 37 Tack J, Stanghellini V, Mearin F. et al. Economic burden of moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in six European countries. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19: 69
• 38 Keller J, Wedel T, Seidl H. et al. Update S3-Leitlinie Intestinale Motilitätsstörungen: Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie. Gemeinsame Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM). Z Gastroenterol 2022; 60: 192-218
• 39 Layer P, Andresen V, Allescher H. et al. Update S3-Leitlinie Reizdarmsyndrom: Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie. Gemeinsame Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM) – Juni 2021 – AWMF-Registriernummer: 021/016. Z Gastroenterol 2021; 59: 1323-1415
• 40 Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C. et al. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 232-242
• 41 Leung FW. Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific evidence. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 313-316
• 42 Lindeman RD, Romero LJ, Liang HC. et al. Do elderly persons need to be encouraged to drink more fluids?. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55: M361-M365
• 43 Meshkinpour H, Selod S, Movahedi H. et al. Effects of regular exercise in management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 2379-2383
• 44 Robson KM, Kiely DK, Lembo T. Development of constipation in nursing home residents. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 940-943
• 45 Towers AL, Burgio KL, Locher JL. et al. Constipation in the elderly: influence of dietary, psychological, and physiological factors. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 701-706
• 46 Dukas L, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Association between physical activity, fiber intake, and other lifestyle variables and constipation in a study of women. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1790-1796
• 47 Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T. et al. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 638-646
• 48 Lindberg G, Hamid SS, Malfertheiner P. et al. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guideline: Constipation – a global perspective. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 483-487
• 49 Deen KI, Seneviratne SL, de Silva HJ. Anorectal physiology and transit in patients with disorders of thyroid metabolism. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 384-387
• 50 Knowles CH, De Giorgio R, Kapur RP. et al. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology: guidelines for histological techniques and reporting on behalf of the Gastro 2009 International Working Group. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118: 271-301
• 51 Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25: 43-57
• 52 Knowles CH, Veress B, Kapur RP. et al. Quantitation of cellular components of the enteric nervous system in the normal human gastrointestinal tract--report on behalf of the Gastro 2009 International Working Group. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23: 115-124
• 53 Malagelada C, Karunaratne TB, Accarino A. et al. Comparison between small bowel manometric patterns and full-thickness biopsy histopathology in severe intestinal dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30
• 54 Dinning PG, Benninga MA, Southwell BR. et al. Paediatric and adult colonic manometry: a tool to help unravel the pathophysiology of constipation. World journal of gastroenterology 2010; 16: 5162-5172
• 55 Dinning PG, Di Lorenzo C. Colonic dysmotility in constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25: 89-101
• 56 Keller J, Wedel T, Seidl H. et al. [S3 guideline of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) and the German Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (DGNM) to the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of intestinal motility]. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 374-390
• 57 Wedel T, Spiegler J, Soellner S. et al. Enteric nerves and interstitial cells of Cajal are altered in patients with slow-transit constipation and megacolon. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1459-1467
• 58 Galligan JJ, Sternini C. Insights into the Role of Opioid Receptors in the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 239: 363-378
• 59 Rao SS, Welcher KD, Leistikow JS. Obstructive defecation: a failure of rectoanal coordination. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 1042-1050
• 60 Rao SS. Dyssynergic defecation. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001; 30: 97-114
• 61 Bharucha AE, Wald AM. Anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 786-794
• 62 Muller-Lissner S. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of constipation. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106: 424-431
• 63 Tack J, Muller-Lissner S, Stanghellini V. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation – a European perspective. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23: 697-710
• 64 Qureshi W, Adler DG, Davila RE. et al. ASGE guideline: guideline on the use of endoscopy in the management of constipation. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 199-201
• 65 Wald A. Diagnosis of constipation in primary and secondary care. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2004; 4 (Suppl. 02) S28-S33
• 66 Lembo A, Camilleri M. Chronic constipation. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1360-1368
• 67 Locke 3rd GR, Pemberton JH. et al. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1761-1766
• 68 Locke 3rd GR, Pemberton JH. et al. AGA technical review on constipation. American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1766-1778
• 69 Brandt LJ, Prather CM, Quigley EM. et al. Systematic review on the management of chronic constipation in North America. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (Suppl. 01) S5-S21
• 70 Johanson JF, Kralstein J. Chronic constipation: a survey of the patient perspective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 599-608
• 71 Mertz H, Naliboff B, Mayer EA. Symptoms and physiology in severe chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 131-138
• 72 Caetano AC, Santa-Cruz A, Rolanda C. Digital Rectal Examination and Balloon Expulsion Test in the Study of Defecatory Disorders: Are They Suitable as Screening or Excluding Tests?. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016: 8654314
• 73 Soh JS, Lee HJ, Jung KW. et al. The diagnostic value of a digital rectal examination compared with high-resolution anorectal manometry in patients with chronic constipation and fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1197-1204
• 74 Videlock EJ, Lembo A, Cremonini F. Diagnostic testing for dyssynergic defecation in chronic constipation: meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25: 509-520
• 75 Shah ED, Farida JD, Menees S. et al. Examining Balloon Expulsion Testing as an Office-Based, Screening Test for Dyssynergic Defecation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113: 1613-1620
• 76 Carrington EV, Heinrich H, Knowles CH. et al. The international anorectal physiology working group (IAPWG) recommendations: Standardized testing protocol and the London classification for disorders of anorectal function. Neurogastroenterology and motility: the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2020; 32: e13679
• 77 Layer P, Andresen V, Pehl C. et al. [Irritable bowel syndrome: German consensus guidelines on definition, pathophysiology and management]. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 237-293
• 78 Siah KT, Wong RK, Whitehead WE. Chronic Constipation and Constipation-Predominant IBS: Separate and Distinct Disorders or a Spectrum of Disease?. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2016; 12: 171-178
• 79 Bouchoucha M, Devroede G, Bon C. et al. Is-it possible to distinguish irritable bowel syndrome with constipation from functional constipation?. Tech Coloproctol 2017; 21: 125-132
• 80 Schmiegel W, Pox C, Reinacher-Schick A. et al. S3 guidelines for colorectal carcinoma: results of an evidence-based consensus conference on February 6/7, 2004 and June 8/9, 2007 (for the topics IV, VI and VII). Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48: 65-136
• 81 Rao SS, Ozturk R, Laine L. Clinical utility of diagnostic tests for constipation in adults: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1605-1615
• 82 Staller K, Barshop K, Ananthakrishnan AN. et al. Rectosigmoid Localization of Radiopaque Markers Does Not Correlate with Prolonged Balloon Expulsion in Chronic Constipation: Results from a Multicenter Cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1049-1055
• 83 Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE. et al. Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut 1989; 30: 1737-1749
• 84 Grossi U, Di Tanna GL, Heinrich H. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: defecography should be a first-line diagnostic modality in patients with refractory constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48: 1186-1201
• 85 Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, di Lorenzo C. et al. American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society consensus statement on intraluminal measurement of gastrointestinal and colonic motility in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20: 1269-1282
• 86 Keller J, Bassotti G, Clarke J. et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the diagnosis and classification of gastric and intestinal motility disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15: 291-308
• 87 Pehl C, Enck P, Franke A. et al. [Anorectal manometry]. Z Gastroenterol 2007; 45: 397-417
• 88 Carrington EV, Scott SM, Bharucha A. et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the evaluation of anorectal function. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15: 309-323
• 89 Grossi U, Carrington EV, Bharucha AE. et al. Diagnostic accuracy study of anorectal manometry for diagnosis of dyssynergic defecation. Gut 2016; 65: 447-455
• 90 Coenen C, Wegener M, Wedmann B. et al. Does physical exercise influence bowel transit time in healthy young men?. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 292-295
• 91 Belkind-Gerson J, Goldstein AM, Kuo B. Balloon expulsion test as a screen for outlet obstruction in children with chronic constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 23-26
• 92 Belkind-Gerson J, Surjanhata B, Kuo B. et al. Bear-down maneuver is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of children with chronic constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57: 775-779
• 93 Chiarioni G, Kim SM, Vantini I. et al. Validation of the balloon evacuation test: reproducibility and agreement with findings from anorectal manometry and electromyography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 2049-2054
• 94 Dinning PG, Wiklendt L, Gibbins I. et al. Low-resolution colonic manometry leads to a gross misinterpretation of the frequency and polarity of propagating sequences: Initial results from fiber-optic high-resolution manometry studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25: e640-e649
• 95 Li Y, Cong J, Fei F. et al. Use of high-resolution colonic manometry to establish etiology and direct treatment in patients with constipation: Case series with correlation to histology. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33: 1864-1872
• 96 Giorgio V, Borrelli O, Smith VV. et al. High-resolution colonic manometry accurately predicts colonic neuromuscular pathological phenotype in pediatric slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25: 70-78.e8-9
• 97 Furnari M, Savarino E, Bruzzone L. et al. Reassessment of the role of methane production between irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012; 21: 157-163
• 98 Klauser AG, Beck A, Schindlbeck NE. et al. Low fluid intake lowers stool output in healthy male volunteers. Z Gastroenterol 1990; 28: 606-609
• 99 Chien LY, Liou YM, Chang P. Low defaecation frequency in Taiwanese adolescents: association with dietary intake, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. J Paediatr Child Health 2011; 47: 381-386
• 100 Anti M, Pignataro G, Armuzzi A. et al. Water supplementation enhances the effect of high-fiber diet on stool frequency and laxative consumption in adult patients with functional constipation. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45: 727-732
• 101 Arnaud MJ. Mild dehydration: a risk factor of constipation?. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57 (Suppl. 02) S88-S95
• 102 Bae SH, Son JS, Lee R. Effect of fluid intake on the outcome of constipation in children: PEG 4000 versus lactulose. Pediatr Int 2010; 52: 594-597
• 103 Chung BD, Parekh U, Sellin JH. Effect of increased fluid intake on stool output in normal healthy volunteers. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 28: 29-32
• 104 Tuteja AK, Talley NJ, Joos SK. et al. Is constipation associated with decreased physical activity in normally active subjects?. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 124-129
• 105 Brown WJ, Mishra G, Lee C. et al. Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: relationship with well being and symptoms. Res Q Exerc Sport 2000; 71: 206-216
• 106 Liu F, Kondo T, Toda Y. Brief physical inactivity prolongs colonic transit time in elderly active men. Int J Sports Med 1993; 14: 465-467
• 107 Donald IP, Smith RG, Cruikshank JG. et al. A study of constipation in the elderly living at home. Gerontology 1985; 31: 112-118
• 108 Driessen LM, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Wijtzes A. et al. Preschool physical activity and functional constipation: the Generation R study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57: 768-774
• 109 Frazzitta G, Ferrazzoli D, Folini A. et al. Severe Constipation in Parkinsonʼs Disease and in Parkinsonisms: Prevalence and Affecting Factors. Frontiers in Neurology 2019; 10
• 110 Bingham SA, Cummings JH. Effect of exercise and physical fitness on large intestinal function. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1389-1399
• 111 Robertson G, Meshkinpour H, Vandenberg K. et al. Effects of exercise on total and segmental colon transit. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993; 16: 300-303
• 112 De Schryver AM, Keulemans YC, Peters HP. et al. Effects of regular physical activity on defecation pattern in middle-aged patients complaining of chronic constipation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 422-429
• 113 Daley AJ, Grimmett C, Roberts L. et al. The effects of exercise upon symptoms and quality of life in patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Sports Med 2008; 29: 778-782
• 114 Gao R, Tao Y, Zhou C. et al. Exercise therapy in patients with constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54: 169-177
• 115 Tantawy SA, Kamel DM, Abdelbasset WK. et al. Effects of a proposed physical activity and diet control to manage constipation in middle-aged obese women. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy 2017; 10: 513-519
• 116 Klauser AG, Voderholzer WA, Heinrich CA. et al. Behavioral modification of colonic function. Can constipation be learned?. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35: 1271-1275
• 117 Choung RS, Locke 3rd GR. et al. Cumulative incidence of chronic constipation: a population-based study 1988-2003. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 1521-1528
• 118 Chu H, Zhong L, Li H. et al. Epidemiology characteristics of constipation for general population, pediatric population, and elderly population in china. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 532734
• 119 Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR. et al. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 218-238
• 120 Harari D, Gurwitz JH, Avorn J. et al. Constipation: assessment and management in an institutionalized elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 947-952
• 121 Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM. et al Chronic constipation in the elderly. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 18-25 ; quiz 26
• 122 Gau JT, Acharya UH, Khan MS. et al. Risk factors associated with lower defecation frequency in hospitalized older adults: a case control study. BMC Geriatr 2015; 15: 44
• 123 Yang RM. Constipation and behavior in the elderly. Geriatr Health Care 2003; 9: 53-54
• 124 Kouw IWK, Groen BBL, Smeets JSJ. et al. One Week of Hospitalization Following Elective Hip Surgery Induces Substantial Muscle Atrophy in Older Patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 20: 35-42
• 125 Tanner RE, Brunker LB, Agergaard J. et al. Age-related differences in lean mass, protein synthesis and skeletal muscle markers of proteolysis after bed rest and exercise rehabilitation. J Physiol 2015; 593: 4259-4273
• 126 Schuster BG, Kosar L, Kamrul R. Constipation in older adults: stepwise approach to keep things moving. Can Fam Physician 2015; 61: 152-158
• 127 Marteau P, Jacobs H, Cazaubiel M. et al. Effects of chicory inulin in constipated elderly people: a double-blind controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 62: 164-170
• 128 Taniguchi K, Komae K, Takahashi A. et al. Effect of waxy barley, Kirarimochi, consumption on bowel movements of late-stage elderly residents at Roken nursing home. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36: 17
• 129 Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T. et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 10-47
• 130 Kostka J, Kostka T, Borowiak E. Physical Activity in Older Adults in Relation to Place of Residence and Coexistent Chronic Diseases. J Phys Act Health 2017; 14: 20-28
• 131 Chin APMJ, van Poppel MN, van Mechelen W. Effects of resistance and functional-skills training on habitual activity and constipation among older adults living in long-term care facilities: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2006; 6: 9
• 132 Chassagne P, Ducrotte P, Garnier P. et al. Tolerance and Long-Term Efficacy of Polyethylene Glycol 4000 (Forlax) Compared to Lactulose in Elderly Patients with Chronic Constipation. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21: 429-439
• 133 Kurniawan I, Simadibrata M. Management of chronic constipation in the elderly. Acta Med Indones 2011; 43: 195-205
• 134 Kamm MA, Mueller-Lissner S, Wald A. et al. Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 577-583
• 135 Paré P, Fedorak RN. Systematic review of stimulant and nonstimulant laxatives for the treatment of functional constipation. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 28: 549-557
• 136 Muller-Lissner SA. Adverse effects of laxatives: fact and fiction. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 138-145
• 137 Passmore AP, Davies KW, Flanagan PG. et al. A comparison of Agiolax and lactulose in elderly patients with chronic constipation. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 249-252
• 138 Izzy M, Malieckal A, Little E. et al. Review of efficacy and safety of laxatives use in geriatrics. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016; 7: 334-342
• 139 Kang SJ, Cho YS, Lee TH. et al. Medical Management of Constipation in Elderly Patients: Systematic Review. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 27: 495-512
• 140 MacLennan WJ, Pooler A. A comparison of sodium picosulphate (“Laxoberal”) with standardised senna (“Senokot”) in geriatric patients. Curr Med Res Opin 1974; 2: 641-647
• 141 Muller-Lissner S, Rykx A, Kerstens R. et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prucalopride in elderly patients with chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22: 991-998 , e255
• 142 Camilleri M, Piessevaux H, Yiannakou Y. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Prucalopride in Chronic Constipation: An Integrated Analysis of Six Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61: 2357-2372
• 143 Camilleri M, Beyens G, Kerstens R. et al. Safety assessment of prucalopride in elderly patients with constipation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21: 1256-e117
• 144 Marshall K, Thompson KA, Walsh DM. et al. Incidence of urinary incontinence and constipation during pregnancy and postpartum: survey of current findings at the Rotunda Lying-In Hospital. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 1998; 105: 400-402
• 145 Derbyshire E, Davies J, Dettmar P. Changes in Bowel Function: Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Digestive diseases and sciences 2007; 52: 324-328
• 146 Bradley CS, Kennedy CM, Turcea AM. et al. Constipation in pregnancy: prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 1351-1357
• 147 Ferdinande K, Dorreman Y, Roelens K. et al. Anorectal symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum: a prospective cohort study. Colorectal Dis 2018; 20: 1109-1116
• 148 Zahoor S, Babar ME, Javed MM. et al. Constipation in pregnancy: causes and remedies. Progress in Nutrition 2018; 20: 305-311
• 149 Oh JE, Kim YW, Park SY. et al. Estrogen rather than progesterone cause constipation in both female and male mice. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 17: 423-426
• 150 Rungsiprakarn P, Laopaiboon M, Sangkomkamhang US. et al. Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015;
• 151 Vazquez JC. Constipation, haemorrhoids, and heartburn in pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid 2008; 2008
• 152 Li H, Zhang P, Xue Y. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of polyethylene glycol 4000 and lactulose for the treatment of constipation in pregnant women: a randomized controlled clinical study. Ann Palliat Med 2020; 9: 3785-3792
• 153 Neri I, Blasi I, Castro P. et al. Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (Isocolan) for constipation during pregnancy: an observational open-label study. J Midwifery Womens Health 2004; 49: 355-358
• 154 Meng S, Pan Y, Deng Q. et al. [Efficacy and safety of lactulose on the treatment of puerperal constipation]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 95: 2288-2290
• 155 Huang P, Gou WL, Wang XT. et al. Lactulose oral solution for the treatment of postpartum constipation. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2016; 30: 523-528
• 156 Trottier M, Erebara A, Bozzo P. Treating constipation during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 2012; 58: 836-838
• 157 Greenhalf JO, Leonard HS. Laxatives in the treatment of constipation in pregnant and breast-feeding mothers. Practitioner 1973; 210: 259-263
• 158 Farghali M, Abdelazim I, Awadalla A. et al. Effect of Progesterone Therapy versus Diet Modification on Constipation during Pregnancy. Journal of Basic and Clinical Reproductive Sciences 2016; 5
• 159 Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Wald A. et al. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sodium picosulfate in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 897-903
• 160 Ali H, Pamarthy R, Sarfraz S. Role of Prucalopride in Treating Functional Constipation and Gastroparesis: A Systemic Review. Cureus 2021; 13: e14306
• 161 Fukudo S, Miwa H, Nakajima A. et al. High-dose linaclotide is effective and safe in patients with chronic constipation: A phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a long-term open-label extension study in Japan. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31: e13487
• 162 Eswaran S, Muir J, Chey WD. Fiber and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 718-727
• 163 DGE. Kohlenhydrate, Ballaststoffe.
• 164 MRI. Nationale Verzehrsstudie II. 2008
• 165 Bae SH. Diets for constipation. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition 2014; 17: 203-208
• 166 Mueller-Lissner S, Wald A. Constipation in adults. Am Fam Physician 2011; 83: 904-905
• 167 Christodoulides S, Dimidi E, Fragkos KC. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: effect of fibre supplementation on chronic idiopathic constipation in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44: 103-116
• 168 Yang J, Wang HP, Zhou L. et al. Effect of dietary fiber on constipation: a meta analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 7378-7383
• 169 Suares NC, Ford AC. Systematic review: the effects of fibre in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 895-901
• 170 Bove A, Bellini M, Battaglia E. et al. Consensus statement AIGO/SICCR diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation and obstructed defecation (part II: treatment). World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 4994-5013
• 171 Mueller-Lissner SA, Wald A. Constipation in adults. BMJ Clin Evid 2010; 2010
• 172 Onakpoya I, Posadzki P, Ernst E. The efficacy of glucomannan supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33: 70-78
• 173 EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to hydroxyanthracene derivatives and improvement of bowel function pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2013; 11: 3412
• 174 Müller-Lissner SA. Effect of wheat bran on weight of stool and gastrointestinal transit time: a meta analysis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296: 615-617
• 175 Xu L, Yu W, Jiang J. et al. [Clinical benefits after soluble dietary fiber supplementation: a randomized clinical trial in adults with slow-transit constipation]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 94: 3813-3816
• 176 Klauser AG, Müller-Lissner SA. How effective is nonlaxative treatment of constipation?. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 256-260
• 177 Ashraf W, Park F, Lof J. et al. Effects of psyllium therapy on stool characteristics, colon transit and anorectal function in chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9: 639-647
• 178 Hongisto SM, Paajanen L, Saxelin M. et al. A combination of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG improves bowel function in women with self-reported constipation. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 319-324
• 179 Francis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet 1994; 344: 39-40
• 180 Parisi GC, Zilli M, Miani MP. et al. High-fiber diet supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a multicenter, randomized, open trial comparison between wheat bran diet and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG). Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 1697-1704
• 181 Hauner H, Hauner H, Bechthold A. et al. Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Carbohydrate Intake and Prevention of Nutrition-Related Diseases. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012; 60 (Suppl. 01) 1-58
• 182 Shin JE, Jung HK, Lee TH. et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Functional Constipation in Korea, 2015 Revised Edition. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22: 383-411
• 183 Venancio VP, Kim H, Sirven MA. et al. Polyphenol-rich Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Ameliorate Functional Constipation Symptoms in Humans beyond Equivalent Amount of Fiber. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62: e1701034
• 184 Lever E, Cole J, Scott SM. et al. Systematic review: the effect of prunes on gastrointestinal function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 750-758
• 185 Attaluri A, Donahoe R, Valestin J. et al. Randomised clinical trial: dried plums (prunes) vs. psyllium for constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 822-828
• 186 Rush EC, Patel M, Plank LD. et al. Kiwifruit promotes laxation in the elderly. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002; 11: 164-168
• 187 Chan AO, Leung G, Tong T. et al. Increasing dietary fiber intake in terms of kiwifruit improves constipation in Chinese patients. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 4771-4775
• 188 Kelsay JL, Behall KM, Prather ES. Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects I. Bowel transit time, number of defecations, fecal weight, urinary excretions of energy and nitrogen and apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 1149-1153
• 189 Zhu L, Liu W, Alkhouri R. et al. Structural changes in the gut microbiome of constipated patients. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46: 679-686
• 190 Barcelo A, Claustre J, Moro F. et al. Mucin secretion is modulated by luminal factors in the isolated vascularly perfused rat colon. Gut 2000; 46: 218-224
• 191 Binder HJ, Mehta P. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate active sodium and chloride absorption in vitro in the rat distal colon. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 989-996
• 192 Squires PE, Rumsey RD, Edwards CA. et al. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on contractile activity and fluid flow in rat colon in vitro. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: G813-G817
• 193 Dimidi E, Christodoulides S, Fragkos KC. et al. The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 1075-1084
• 194 Ford AC, Quigley EM, Lacy BE. et al Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 1547-1561 ; quiz 1546, 1562
• 195 Möllenbrink M, Bruckschen E. [Treatment of chronic constipation with physiologic Escherichia coli bacteria. Results of a clinical study of the effectiveness and tolerance of microbiological therapy with the E. coli Nissle 1917 strain (Mutaflor)]. Med Klin (Munich) 1994; 89: 587-593
• 196 Yoon JY, Cha JM, Oh JK. et al. Probiotics Ameliorate Stool Consistency in Patients with Chronic Constipation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63: 2754-2764
• 197 Moreira TR, Leonhardt D, Conde SR. Influence of drinking a probiotic fermented milk beverage containing bifidobacterium animalis on the symptoms of constipation. Arq Gastroenterol 2017; 54: 206-210
• 198 Ibarra A, Latreille-Barbier M, Donazzolo Y. et al. Effects of 28-day Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 supplementation on colonic transit time and gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with functional constipation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and dose-ranging trial. Gut Microbes 2018; 9: 236-251
• 199 Waller PA, Gopal PK, Leyer GJ. et al. Dose-response effect of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on whole gut transit time and functional gastrointestinal symptoms in adults. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 1057-1064
• 200 Dimidi E, Zdanaviciene A, Christodoulides S. et al. Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 probiotic vs placebo, and impact on gut transit time, symptoms, and gut microbiology in chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49: 251-264
• 201 Ojetti V, Ianiro G, Tortora A. et al. The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in adults with chronic functional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2014; 23: 387-391
• 202 Coccorullo P, Strisciuglio C, Martinelli M. et al. Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) in infants with functional chronic constipation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Pediatr 2010; 157: 598-602
• 203 Riezzo G, Orlando A, DʼAttoma B. et al. Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938: improvement in symptoms and bowel habit in functional constipation. Benef Microbes 2018; 9: 51-60
• 204 Kim SE, Choi SC, Park KS. et al. Change of Fecal Flora and Effectiveness of the Short-term VSL#3 Probiotic Treatment in Patients With Functional Constipation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21: 111-120
• 205 Koebnick C, Wagner I, Leitzmann P. et al. Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 655-659
• 206 Mazlyn MM, Nagarajah LH, Fatimah A. et al. Effects of a probiotic fermented milk on functional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 1141-1147
• 207 Madempudi RS, Neelamraju J, Ahire JJ. et al. Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 in Constipation: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019;
• 208 Ducrotté P, Sawant P, Jayanthi V. Clinical trial: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (DSM 9843) improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 4012-4018
• 209 Dugoua JJ, Machado M, Zhu X. et al. Probiotic safety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces spp. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009; 31: 542-552
• 210 Yu T, Zheng YP, Tan JC. et al. Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics on Functional Constipation. Am J Med Sci 2017; 353: 282-292
• 211 EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies.. Short-chain fructooligosaccharides from sucrose and maintenance of normal defecation: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2016; 14: 4366
• 212 Lim YJ, Jamaluddin R, Hazizi AS. et al. Effects of Synbiotics among Constipated Adults in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia-A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10
• 213 Cudmore S, Doolan A, Lacey S. et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study: the effects of a synbiotic, Lepicol, in adults with chronic, functional constipation. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 68: 366-377
• 214 Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J. et al. Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD007570
• 215 Cinca R, Chera D, Gruss HJ. et al. Randomised clinical trial: macrogol/PEG 3350+electrolytes versus prucalopride in the treatment of chronic constipation -- a comparison in a controlled environment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 876-886
• 216 DiPiro JT, Michael KA, Clark BA. et al. Absorption of polyethylene glycol after administration of a PEG-electrolyte lavage solution. Clin Pharm 1986; 5: 153-155
• 217 Katelaris P, Naganathan V, Liu K. et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of polyethylene glycol with and without electrolytes in constipation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16: 42
• 218 Szojda MM, Mulder CJ, Felt-Bersma RJ. Differences in taste between two polyethylene glycol preparations. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16: 379-381
• 219 Kienzle-Horn S, Vix JM, Schuijt C. et al. Comparison of bisacodyl and sodium picosulphate in the treatment of chronic constipation. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 691-699
• 220 Hardcastle JD, Mann CV. Study of large bowel peristalsis. Gut 1968; 9: 512-520
• 221 Ewe K. Effect of bisacodyl on intestinal electrolyte and water net transport and transit. Perfusion studies in men. Digestion 1987; 37: 247-253
• 222 Wulkow R, Vix JM, Schuijt C. et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to investigate the efficacy and safety of the acute use of sodium picosulphate in patients with chronic constipation. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61: 944-950
• 223 Chan AO. A pilot study on the efficacy of Picolax given as a four-week course for the treatment of refractory constipation. Hong Kong Med J 2012; 18: 388-394
• 224 Ryan F, Anobile T, Scutt D. et al. Effects of oral sodium picosulphate Picolax on urea and electrolytes. Nurs Stand 2005; 19: 41-45
• 225 Ruidisch MH. Long-term care with the laxative bisacodyl: efficacy and tolerability in patients with spinal cord injuries. Ärztliche Forschung 1994; 41: 3-8
• 226 Flig E, Hermann TW, Zabel M. Is bisacodyl absorbed at all from suppositories in man?. Int J Pharm 2000; 196: 11-20
• 227 Friedrich C, Richter E, Trommeshauser D. et al. Absence of excretion of the active moiety of bisacodyl and sodium picosulfate into human breast milk: an open-label, parallel-group, multiple-dose study in healthy lactating women. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26: 458-464
• 228 Bengtsson M, Ohlsson B. Retrospective study of long-term treatment with sodium picosulfate. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 433-434
• 229 Luthra P, Camilleri M, Burr NE. et al. Efficacy of drugs in chronic idiopathic constipation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4: 831-844
• 230 Hardcastle JD, Wilkins JL. The action of sennosides and related compounds on human colon and rectum. Gut 1970; 11: 1038-1042
• 231 Leng-Peschlow E. Sennoside-induced secretion and its relevance for the laxative effect. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 14-21
• 232 Frexinos J, Staumont G, Fioramonti J. et al. Effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity in man. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 214-219
• 233 Agra Y, Sacristan A, Gonzalez M. et al. Efficacy of senna versus lactulose in terminal cancer patients treated with opioids. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 15: 1-7
• 234 Kinnunen O, Winblad I, Koistinen P. et al. Safety and efficacy of a bulk laxative containing senna versus lactulose in the treatment of chronic constipation in geriatric patients. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 253-255
• 235 Kinnunen O, Salokannel J. Constipation in elderly long-stay patients: its treatment by magnesium hydroxide and bulk-laxative. Ann Clin Res 1987; 19: 321-323
• 236 Fintelmann V, Haase W. Chronisch-habituelle Obstipation. Doppelblindprüfung eines Laxans mit bekannter Wirksamkeit. Ärztl Praxis 1977; 29
• 237 Cheng CW, Bian ZX, Zhu LX. et al. Efficacy of a Chinese herbal proprietary medicine (Hemp Seed Pill) for functional constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 120-129
• 238 Passmore AP, Wilson-Davies K, Stoker C. et al. Chronic constipation in long stay elderly patients: a comparison of lactulose and a senna-fibre combination. BMJ 1993; 307: 769-771
• 239 Rosprich G. Dauerbehandlung mit Laxantien. Therapiewoche 1980; 30: 5836-5837
• 240 Heiny BM. Langzeitbehandlung mit einem pflanzlichen Laxativum. Serumelektrolyte und Säurenbasenhaushalt. Ärztliche Praxis 1976; 28: 563-564
• 241 Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Toxicity of laxatives: how to discriminate between myth and fact?. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 5-7
• 242 Cameron BD, Phillips MW, Fenerty CA. Milk transfer of rhein in the rhesus monkey. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl. 01) 221-225
• 243 Weist FR, Birkner H. Zur Pharmakokinetik von Bisacodyl nach oraler und rektaler Applikation. Therapiewoche 1974; 20: 2282-2284
• 244 Faber P, Strenge-Hesse A. [Senna-containing laxatives: excretion in the breast milk?]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1989; 49: 958-962
• 245 Odenthal KP, Ziegler D. In vitro effects of anthraquinones on rat intestine and uterus. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl. 01) 57-65
• 246 Garcia-Villar R. Evaluation of the effects of sennosides on uterine motility in the pregnant ewe. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl. 01) 203-211
• 247 Speare GS. Melanosis coll; experimental observations on its production and elimination in twenty-three cases. Am J Surg 1951; 82: 631-637
• 248 Miller LE, Tennilä J, Ouwehand AC. Efficacy and tolerance of lactitol supplementation for adult constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014; 7: 241-248
• 249 Petticrew M, Watt I, Sheldon T. Systematic review of the effectiveness of laxatives in the elderly. Health Technol Assess 1997; 1: i-iv , 1–52
• 250 Wesselius-De Casparis A, Braadbaart S, Bergh-Bohlken GE. et al. Treatment of chronic constipation with lactulose syrup: results of a double-blind study. Gut 1968; 9: 84-86
• 251 Kasugai K, Iwai H, Kuboyama N. et al. Efficacy and safety of a crystalline lactulose preparation (SK-1202) in Japanese patients with chronic constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54: 530-540
• 252 Ustundag G, Kuloglu Z, Kirbas N. et al. Can partially hydrolyzed guar gum be an alternative to lactulose in treatment of childhood constipation?. Turk J Gastroenterol 2010; 21: 360-364
• 253 Kokke FT, Scholtens PA, Alles MS. et al. A dietary fiber mixture versus lactulose in the treatment of childhood constipation: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47: 592-597
• 254 Quah HM, Ooi BS, Seow-Choen F. et al. Prospective randomized crossover trial comparing fibre with lactulose in the treatment of idiopathic chronic constipation. Tech Coloproctol 2006; 10: 111-114
• 255 Dettmar PW, Sykes J. A multi-centre, general practice comparison of ispaghula husk with lactulose and other laxatives in the treatment of simple constipation. Curr Med Res Opin 1998; 14: 227-233
• 256 Rouse M, Chapman N, Mahapatra M. et al. An open, randomised, parallel group study of lactulose versus ispaghula in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults. Br J Clin Pract 1991; 45: 28-30
• 257 Banaszkiewicz A, Szajewska H. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus GG as an adjunct to lactulose for the treatment of constipation in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Pediatr 2005; 146: 364-369
• 258 Perkin JM. Constipation in childhood: a controlled comparison between lactulose and standardized senna. Curr Med Res Opin 1977; 4: 540-543
• 259 Lederle FA, Busch DL, Mattox KM. et al. Cost-effective treatment of constipation in the elderly: a randomized double-blind comparison of sorbitol and lactulose. Am J Med 1990; 89: 597-601
• 260 Volicer L, Lane P, Panke J. et al. Management of constipation in residents with dementia: sorbitol effectiveness and cost. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2005; 6: S32-S34
• 261 Volicer L, Lane P, Panke J. et al. Management of constipation in residents with dementia: sorbitol effectiveness and cost. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004; 5: 239-241
• 262 Lederle FA. Epidemiology of constipation in elderly patients. Drug utilisation and cost-containment strategies. Drugs Aging 1995; 6: 465-469
• 263 Kinnunen O, Salokannel J. Comparison of the effects of magnesium hydroxide and a bulk laxative on lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins A and E, and minerals in geriatric hospital patients in the treatment of constipation. J Int Med Res 1989; 17: 442-454
• 264 Tatsuki M, Miyazawa R, Tomomasa T. et al. Serum magnesium concentration in children with functional constipation treated with magnesium oxide. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 779-783
• 265 Ashton MR, Sutton D, Nielsen M. Severe magnesium toxicity after magnesium sulphate enema in a chronically constipated child. BMJ 1990; 300: 541
• 266 Golzarian J, Scott Jr HW, Richards WO. Hypermagnesemia-induced paralytic ileus. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 1138-1142
• 267 Kutsal E, Aydemir C, Eldes N. et al. Severe hypermagnesemia as a result of excessive cathartic ingestion in a child without renal failure. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23: 570-572
• 268 Urganci N, Akyildiz B, Polat TB. A comparative study: the efficacy of liquid paraffin and lactulose in management of chronic functional constipation. Pediatr Int 2005; 47: 15-19
• 269 Mendoza J, Legido J, Rubio S. et al. Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 9-20
• 270 Gosselink MJ, Hop WC, Schouten WR. Rectal tone in response to bisacodyl in women with obstructed defecation. Int J Colorectal Dis 2000; 15: 297-302
• 271 Lazzaroni M, Casini V, Bianchi Porro G. Role or carbon dioxide-releasing suppositories in the treatment of chronic functional constipation: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Drug Investig 2005; 25: 499-505
• 272 Hochain P, Simon J, Chambre JF. et al. [Anorectal stenosis after prolonged use of glycerin suppositories]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992; 16: 903
• 273 Christensen P, Krogh K. Transanal irrigation for disordered defecation: a systematic review. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 517-527
• 274 Emmett CD, Close HJ, Yiannakou Y. et al. Trans-anal irrigation therapy to treat adult chronic functional constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15: 139
• 275 Jorge JM, Yang YK, Wexner SD. Incidence and clinical significance of sigmoidoceles as determined by a new classification system. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 1112-1117
• 276 Murad-Regadas SM, Regadas FSP, Rodrigues LV. et al. Management of patients with rectocele, multiple pelvic floor dysfunctions and obstructed defecation syndrome. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 2012; 49: 135-142
• 277 Chiarioni G, Whitehead WE, Pezza V. et al. Biofeedback is superior to laxatives for normal transit constipation due to pelvic floor dyssynergia. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 657-664
• 278 Muller-Lissner S, Pehl C. [Laxative use and satisfaction of chronically constipated women – a survey of female patients and gastroenterologists in Germany]. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 573-577
• 279 Malagelada C, Nieto A, Mendez S. et al. Effect of prucalopride on intestinal gas tolerance in patients with functional bowel disorders and constipation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32: 1457-1462
• 280 Vigone B, Caronni M, Severino A. et al. Preliminary safety and efficacy profile of prucalopride in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related intestinal involvement: results from the open label cross-over PROGASS study. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19: 145
• 281 Miner Jr PB, Camilleri M, Burton D. et al. Prucalopride induces high-amplitude propagating contractions in the colon of patients with chronic constipation: a randomized study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28: 1341-1348
• 282 Yiannakou Y, Piessevaux H, Bouchoucha M. et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Prucalopride in Men With Chronic Constipation. The American journal of gastroenterology 2015; 110
• 283 Piessevaux H, Corazziari E, Rey E. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of long-term treatment with prucalopride. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27: 805-815
• 284 Liu B, Wang Y, Wu J. et al. Effect of electroacupuncture versus prucalopride for severe chronic constipation: protocol of a multi-centre, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 2014; 14: 260
• 285 Emmanuel A, Cools M, Vandeplassche L. et al. Prucalopride improves bowel function and colonic transit time in patients with chronic constipation: an integrated analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 887-894
• 286 Tack J, Stanghellini V, Dubois D. et al. Effect of prucalopride on symptoms of chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26: 21-27
• 287 Van de Velde V, Vandeplassche L, Hoppenbrouwers M. et al. Effect of prucalopride on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives in healthy women. Drugs R D 2013; 13: 43-51
• 288 Osipenko MF, Bikbulatova EA, Skalinskaia MA. et al. [Evaluation of the efficacy of prucalopride (resolor) in the treatment of patients with chronic constipation]. Ter Arkh 2013; 85: 60-64
• 289 Ke M, Zou D, Yuan Y. et al. Prucalopride in the treatment of chronic constipation in patients from the Asia-Pacific region: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24: 999-e541
• 290 Camilleri M, Van Outryve MJ, Beyens G. et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy of open-label prucalopride treatment in patients with chronic constipation – follow-up of patients from the pivotal studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1113-1123
• 291 Dubois D, Gilet H, Viala-Danten M. et al. Psychometric performance and clinical meaningfulness of the Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life questionnaire in prucalopride (RESOLOR) trials for chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22: e54-e63
• 292 Quigley EM, Vandeplassche L, Kerstens R. et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy, impact on quality of life, and safety and tolerability of prucalopride in severe chronic constipation--a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 315-328
• 293 Tack J, van Outryve M, Beyens G. et al. Prucalopride (Resolor) in the treatment of severe chronic constipation in patients dissatisfied with laxatives. Gut 2009; 58: 357-365
• 294 Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Rykx A. et al. A placebo-controlled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2344-2354
• 295 Sloots CE, Poen AC, Kerstens R. et al. Effects of prucalopride on colonic transit, anorectal function and bowel habits in patients with chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 759-767
• 296 Bouras EP, Camilleri M, Burton DD. et al. Prucalopride accelerates gastrointestinal and colonic transit in patients with constipation without a rectal evacuation disorder. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 354-360
• 297 Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Van Dongen PA. et al. Effect of prucalopride, a new enterokinetic agent, on gastrointestinal transit and anorectal function in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 1493-1497
• 298 Bouras EP, Camilleri M, Burton DD. et al. Selective stimulation of colonic transit by the benzofuran 5HT4 agonist, prucalopride, in healthy humans. Gut 1999; 44: 682-686
• 299 Jadav AM, McMullin CM, Smith J. et al. The association between prucalopride efficacy and constipation type. Tech Coloproctol 2013; 17: 555-559
• 300 Sloots CE, Rykx A, Cools M. et al. Efficacy and safety of prucalopride in patients with chronic noncancer pain suffering from opioid-induced constipation. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2912-2921
• 301 Krogh K, Jensen MB, Gandrup P. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of prucalopride in patients with constipation due to spinal cord injury. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 431-436
• 302 Goldberg M, Li YP, Johanson JF. et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy and tolerability of velusetrag, a selective 5-HT4 agonist with high intrinsic activity, in chronic idiopathic constipation – a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1102-1112
• 303 Manini ML, Camilleri M, Goldberg M. et al Effects of Velusetrag (TD-5108) on gastrointestinal transit and bowel function in health and pharmacokinetics in health and constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22: 42-49 , e7-8
• 304 Li Y-y, Nie Y-q, Xie J. et al. [Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in irritable bowel syndrome and their impact on tegaserod treatment]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi 2006; 45: 552-555
• 305 Camilleri M, Vazquez-Roque MI, Burton D. et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of a novel prokinetic 5-HT receptor agonist, ATI-7505, in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19: 30-38
• 306 Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Haydock S. et al. Effects of a serotonin 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist SB-207266 on gastrointestinal motor and sensory function in humans. Gut 2000; 47: 667-674
• 307 Kanazawa M, Watanabe S, Tana C. et al. Effect of 5-HT4 receptor agonist mosapride citrate on rectosigmoid sensorimotor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23: 754-e332
• 308 Lembo AJ, Cremonini F, Meyers N. et al. Clinical trial: renzapride treatment of women with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation – a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 979-990
• 309 George AM, Meyers NL, Hickling RI. Clinical trial: renzapride therapy for constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome--multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in primary healthcare setting. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 830-837
• 310 Chey WD, Paré P, Viegas A. et al. Tegaserod for female patients suffering from IBS with mixed bowel habits or constipation: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1217-1225
• 311 Fock KM, Wagner A. Safety, tolerability and satisfaction with tegaserod therapy in Asia-Pacific patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 1190-1198
• 312 Fried M, Johanson JF, Gwee KA. et al. Efficacy of tegaserod in chronic constipation in men. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 362-370
• 313 Degen L, Petrig C, Studer D. et al. Effect of tegaserod on gut transit in male and female subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005; 17: 821-826
• 314 Müller-Lissner SA, Fumagalli I, Bardhan KD. et al. Tegaserod, a 5-HT(4) receptor partial agonist, relieves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients with abdominal pain, bloating and constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 1655-1666
• 315 Prather CM, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR. et al. Tegaserod accelerates orocecal transit in patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 463-468
• 316 Bryant AP, Busby RW, Bartolini WP. et al. Linaclotide is a potent and selective guanylate cyclase C agonist that elicits pharmacological effects locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Life Sci 2010; 86: 760-765
• 317 Busby RW, Bryant AP, Bartolini WP. et al. Linaclotide, through activation of guanylate cyclase C, acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract to elicit enhanced intestinal secretion and transit. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649: 328-335
• 318 Eutamene H, Bradesi S, Larauche M. et al. Guanylate cyclase C-mediated antinociceptive effects of linaclotide in rodent models of visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22: 312-e84
• 319 Johnston JM, Kurtz CB, Drossman DA. et al. Pilot study on the effect of linaclotide in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 125-132
• 320 Johnston JM, Kurtz CB, Macdougall JE. et al. Linaclotide improves abdominal pain and bowel habits in a phase IIb study of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1877-1886.e2
• 321 Lembo AJ, Kurtz CB, Macdougall JE. et al. Efficacy of linaclotide for patients with chronic constipation. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 886-895.e1
• 322 Lembo AJ, Schneier HA, Shiff SJ. et al. Two randomized trials of linaclotide for chronic constipation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 527-536
• 323 Nee JW, Johnston JM, Shea EP. et al. Safety and tolerability of linaclotide for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: pooled Phase 3 analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13: 397-406
• 324 Lacy BE, Schey R, Shiff SJ. et al. Linaclotide in Chronic Idiopathic Constipation Patients with Moderate to Severe Abdominal Bloating: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0134349
• 325 Chang L, Lembo AJ, Lavins BJ. et al. The impact of abdominal pain on global measures in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation, before and after treatment with linaclotide: a pooled analysis of two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 1302-1312
• 326 Schoenfeld P, Lacy BE, Chey WD. et al. Low-Dose Linaclotide (72 μg) for Chronic Idiopathic Constipation: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113: 105-114
• 327 Boulete IM, Thadi A, Beaufrand C. et al. Oral treatment with plecanatide or dolcanatide attenuates visceral hypersensitivity via activation of guanylate cyclase-C in rat models. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24: 1888-1900
• 328 Kamuda JA, Mazzola N. Plecanatide (Trulance) for Chronic Idiopathic Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation. P t 2018; 43: 207-232
• 329 Shah ED, Kim HM, Schoenfeld P. Efficacy and Tolerability of Guanylate Cyclase-C Agonists for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113: 329-338
• 330 Miner Jr PB, Koltun WD, Wiener GJ. et al. A Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Plecanatide, a Uroguanylin Analog, in Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 613-621
• 331 DeMicco M, Barrow L, Hickey B. et al. Randomized clinical trial: efficacy and safety of plecanatide in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2017; 10: 837-851
• 332 Barish CF, Griffin P. Safety and tolerability of plecanatide in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation: long-term evidence from an open-label study. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34: 751-755
• 333 Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF. et al. Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 1090-1097
• 334 Johanson JF, Ueno R. Lubiprostone, a locally acting chloride channel activator, in adult patients with chronic constipation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 1351-1361
• 335 Johanson JF, Morton D, Geenen J. et al. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lubiprostone, a locally-acting type-2 chloride channel activator, in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 170-177
• 336 Fukudo S, Hongo M, Kaneko H. et al. Lubiprostone increases spontaneous bowel movement frequency and quality of life in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 294-301.e5
• 337 Fukudo S, Hongo M, Kaneko H. et al. Efficacy and safety of oral lubiprostone in constipated patients with or without irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled and dose-finding study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23: 544-e205
• 338 Camilleri M, Bharucha AE. Behavioural and new pharmacological treatments for constipation: getting the balance right. Gut 2010; 59: 1288-1296
• 339 Enck P, Van der Voort IR, Klosterhalfen S. Biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence and constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21: 1133-1141
• 340 Shim LS, Jones M, Prott GM. et al. Predictors of outcome of anorectal biofeedback therapy in patients with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 1245-1251
• 341 Nehra V, Bruce BK, Rath-Harvey DM. et al. Psychological disorders in patients with evacuation disorders and constipation in a tertiary practice. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1755-1758
• 342 Koh CE, Young CJ, Young JM. et al. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the effectiveness of biofeedback for pelvic floor dysfunction. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1079-1087
• 343 Patcharatrakul T, Valestin J, Schmeltz A. et al. Factors Associated With Response to Biofeedback Therapy for Dyssynergic Defecation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16: 715-721
• 344 Rao SS, Valestin J, Brown CK. et al. Long-term efficacy of biofeedback therapy for dyssynergic defecation: randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 890-896
• 345 Farid M, El Monem HA, Omar W. et al. Comparative study between biofeedback retraining and botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of anismus patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24: 115-120
• 346 Koutsomanis D, Lennard-Jones JE, Roy AJ. et al. Prospective study of biofeedback treatment for patients with slow and normal transit constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 131-137
• 347 Chiotakakou-Faliakou E, Kamm MA, Roy AJ. et al. Biofeedback provides long-term benefit for patients with intractable, slow and normal transit constipation. Gut 1998; 42: 517-521
• 348 Chiarioni G, Salandini L, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback benefits only patients with outlet dysfunction, not patients with isolated slow transit constipation. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 86-97
• 349 Pare P, Bridges R, Champion MC. et al. Recommendations on chronic constipation (including constipation associated with irritable bowel syndrome) treatment. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 3B-22B
• 350 Rao SS, Welcher KD, Pelsang RE. Effects of biofeedback therapy on anorectal function in obstructive defecation. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 2197-2205
• 351 Rao SS, Seaton K, Miller M. et al. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback, sham feedback, and standard therapy for dyssynergic defecation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 331-338
• 352 Pourmomeny AA, Emami MH, Amooshahi M. et al. Comparing the efficacy of biofeedback and balloon-assisted training in the treatment of dyssynergic defecation. Can J Gastroenterol 2011; 25: 89-92
• 353 Liu Z, Yan S, Wu J. et al. Acupuncture for Chronic Severe Functional Constipation: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2016; 165: 761-769
• 354 Yang X, Liu Y, Liu B. et al. Factors related to acupuncture response in patients with chronic severe functional constipation: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0187723
• 355 Zhou J, Liu Y, Zhou K. et al. Electroacupuncture for Women with Chronic Severe Functional Constipation: Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019: 7491281
• 356 Wu X, Zheng C, Xu X. et al. Electroacupuncture for Functional Constipation: A Multicenter, Randomized, Control Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017; 2017: 1428943
• 357 Zheng H, Liu ZS, Zhang W. et al. Acupuncture for patients with chronic functional constipation: A randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30: e13307
• 358 Wu J, Liu B, Li N. et al. Effect and safety of deep needling and shallow needling for functional constipation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93: e284
• 359 Zhang T, Chon TY, Liu B. et al. Efficacy of acupuncture for chronic constipation: a systematic review. Am J Chin Med 2013; 41: 717-742
• 360 Bai T, Song C, Zheng C. et al. Acupuncture for the treatment of functional constipation. J Tradit Chin Med 2016; 36: 578-587
• 361 Abbott R, Ayres I, Hui E. et al. Effect of perineal self-acupressure on constipation: a randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med 2015; 30: 434-439
• 362 Yang LH, Duan PB, Du SZ. et al. Efficacy of auriculotherapy for constipation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med 2014; 20: 590-605
• 363 Li MK, Lee TF, Suen KP. Complementary effects of auricular acupressure in relieving constipation symptoms and promoting disease-specific health-related quality of life: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2014; 22: 266-277
• 364 Madisch A, Holtmann G, Plein K. et al. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with herbal preparations: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 271-279
• 365 Coban Ş, Akbal E, Köklü S. et al. Clinical trial: transcutaneous interferential electrical stimulation in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome – a prospective double-blind randomized study. Digestion 2012; 86: 86-93
• 366 Iqbal F, Collins B, Thomas GP. et al. Bilateral transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for chronic constipation. Colorectal Disease 2016; 18: 173-178
• 367 Madbouly KM, Abbas KS, Emanuel E. Bilateral Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Rectal Evacuation Disorder: A Preliminary Report. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 311-317
• 368 Yang Y, Yim J, Choi W. et al. Improving slow-transit constipation with transcutaneous electrical stimulation in women: A randomized, comparative study. Women Health 2017; 57: 494-507
• 369 Sawazaki K, Hoshikawa H. Effects of Noninvasive Skin Stimulation with Microcones on Constipation: A Double-Blinded Controlled Study. Med Acupunct 2018; 30: 25-32
• 370 Gong H, Qin F, He H. Herbal Formula Modified Buzhong-Yiqi-Tang for Functional Constipation in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018: 9602525
• 371 Li D-y, Dai Y-k, Zhang Y-z. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. PLOS ONE 2017; 12: e0189491
• 372 Zhong LLD, Zheng G, Da Ge L. et al. Chinese herbal medicine for constipation: zheng-based associations among herbs, formulae, proprietary medicines, and herb-drug interactions. Chin Med 2016; 11: 28
• 373 Li Q, Liu F, Hou Z. et al. Treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by focusing on the liver in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine: a meta-analysis. J Tradit Chin Med 2013; 33: 562-571
• 374 Zhong LLD, Cheng CW, Kun W. et al. Efficacy of MaZiRenWan, a Chinese Herbal Medicine, in Patients With Functional Constipation in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 1303-1310.e18
• 375 Bensoussan A, Kellow JE, Bourchier SJ. et al. Efficacy of a Chinese Herbal Medicine in Providing Adequate Relief of Constipation-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1946-1954.e1
• 376 Huang CH, Lin JS, Li TC. et al. Comparison of a Chinese Herbal Medicine (CCH1) and Lactulose as First-Line Treatment of Constipation in Long-Term Care: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012: 923190
• 377 Huang CH, Su YC, Li TC. et al. Treatment of constipation in long-term care with Chinese herbal formula: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17: 639-646
• 378 Bian ZX, Cheng CW, Zhu LZ. Chinese herbal medicine for functional constipation: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Med J 2013; 19 (Suppl. 09) 44-46
• 379 Hirose T, Shinoda Y, Kuroda A. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Daikenchuto for Constipation and Dose-Dependent Differences in Clinical Effects. International Journal of Chronic Diseases 2018; 2018: 1296717
• 380 Tsuda H, Kotani T, Sumigama S. et al. Efficacy and safety of daikenchuto (TJ-100) in pregnant women with constipation. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 55: 26-29
• 381 Yuki M, Komazawa Y, Kobayashi Y. et al. Effects of Daikenchuto on Abdominal Bloating Accompanied by Chronic Constipation: A Prospective, Single-Center Randomized Open Trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2015; 77: 58-62
• 382 Iturrino J, Camilleri M, Wong BS. et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of daikenchuto, TU-100, on gastrointestinal and colonic transit, anorectal and bowel function in female patients with functional constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 776-785
• 383 Ernst E. Abdominal massage therapy for chronic constipation: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Forsch Komplementarmed 1996; 06: 149-151
• 384 McClurg D, Lowe-Strong A. Does abdominal massage relieve constipation?. Nurs Times 2011; 107: 20-22
• 385 Lai TK, Cheung MC, Lo CK. et al. Effectiveness of aroma massage on advanced cancer patients with constipation: a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2011; 17: 37-43
• 386 Albers B, Cramer H, Fischer A. et al. [Abdominal massage as intervention for patients with paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury – a pilot study]. Pflege Z 2006; 59: 2-8
• 387 McClurg D, Hagen S, Hawkins S. et al. Abdominal massage for the alleviation of constipation symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled feasibility study. Mult Scler 2011; 17: 223-233
• 388 Ayaş S, Leblebici B, Sözay S. et al. The effect of abdominal massage on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85: 951-955
• 389 Shirreffs CM. Aromatherapy massage for joint pain and constipation in a patient with Guillian Barré. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 2001; 7: 78-83
• 390 McClurg D, Hagen S, Jamieson K. et al. Abdominal massage for the alleviation of symptoms of constipation in people with Parkinson's: a randomised controlled pilot study. Age Ageing 2016; 45: 299-303
• 391 McClurg D, Walker K, Aitchison P. et al. Abdominal Massage for the Relief of Constipation in People with Parkinson’s: A Qualitative Study. Parkinson Disease 2016; 2016: 4842090
• 392 Turan N, Aşt TA. The Effect of Abdominal Massage on Constipation and Quality of Life. Gastroenterol Nurs 2016; 39: 48-59
• 393 Kassolik K, Andrzejewski W, Wilk I. et al. The effectiveness of massage based on the tensegrity principle compared with classical abdominal massage performed on patients with constipation. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 61: 202-211
• 394 Ingber DE. The architecture of life. Sci Am 1998; 278: 48-57
• 395 Myers TW. The anatomy trains: Myofascial meridians for manual and movement therapies. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier; 2001
• 396 Myers TW. Anatomy trains: Myofascial meridians for manual and movement therapists. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier; 2009
• 397 Çevik K, Çetinkaya A, Yiğit Gökbel K. et al. The Effect of Abdominal Massage on Constipation in the Elderly Residing in Rest Homes. Gastroenterol Nurs 2018; 41: 396-402
• 398 Lämås K, Graneheim UH, Jacobsson C. Experiences of abdominal massage for constipation. J Clin Nurs 2012; 21: 757-765
• 399 Lämås K, Lindholm L, Stenlund H. et al. Effects of abdominal massage in management of constipation--a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2009; 46: 759-767
• 400 Klauser AG, Flaschenträger J, Gehrke A. et al. Abdominal wall massage: effect on colonic function in healthy volunteers and in patients with chronic constipation. Z Gastroenterol 1992; 30: 247-251
• 401 Coyne KS, LoCasale RJ, Datto CJ. et al. Opioid-induced constipation in patients with chronic noncancer pain in the USA, Canada, Germany, and the UK: descriptive analysis of baseline patient-reported outcomes and retrospective chart review. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 6: 269-281
• 402 Ducrotté P, Caussé C. The Bowel Function Index: a new validated scale for assessing opioid-induced constipation. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28: 457-466
• 403 Wirz S, Wittmann M, Schenk M. et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms under opioid therapy: a prospective comparison of oral sustained-release hydromorphone, transdermal fentanyl, and transdermal buprenorphine. Eur J Pain 2009; 13: 737-743
• 404 Nelson AD, Camilleri M. Chronic opioid induced constipation in patients with nonmalignant pain: challenges and opportunities. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2015; 8: 206-220
• 405 Bell T, Annunziata K, Leslie JB. Opioid-induced constipation negatively impacts pain management, productivity, and health-related quality of life: findings from the National Health and Wellness Survey. J Opioid Manag 2009; 5: 137-144
• 406 Wirz S, Nadstawek J, Elsen C. et al. Laxative management in ambulatory cancer patients on opioid therapy: a prospective, open-label investigation of polyethylene glycol, sodium picosulphate and lactulose. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2012; 21: 131-140
• 407 Häuser W, Ziegler D. et al. S3-Leitlinie „Langzeitanwendung von Opioiden bei chronischen nicht-tumorbedingten Schmerzen (LONTS)“. 2020
• 408 Wirz S, Klaschik E. Management of constipation in palliative care patients undergoing opioid therapy: is polyethylene glycol an option?. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2005; 22: 375-381
• 409 Brennan MJ, Stanos SP. Strategies for Combating Opioid-Induced Constipation: Targeted Mechanisms to Maintain Pain Control Without Compromise. Pm r 2017; 9: 325
• 410 Chen NY, Nguyen E, Schrager SM. et al. Factors Associated With the Prophylactic Prescription of a Bowel Regimen to Prevent Opioid-Induced Constipation. Hosp Pediatr 2016; 6: 677-683
• 411 Hunold KM, Smith SA, Platts-Mills TF. Constipation Prophylaxis Is Rare for Adults Prescribed Outpatient Opioid Therapy From U. S. Emergency Departments. Acad Emerg Med 2015; 22: 1118-1121
• 412 Coyne KS, Margolis MK, Yeomans K. et al. Opioid-Induced Constipation Among Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain in the United States, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom: Laxative Use, Response, and Symptom Burden Over Time. Pain Med 2015; 16: 1551-1565
• 413 Nee J, Zakari M, Sugarman MA. et al. Efficacy of Treatments for Opioid-Induced Constipation: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16: 1569-1584.e2
• 414 Epstein RS, Cimen A, Benenson H. et al. Patient preferences for change in symptoms associated with opioid-induced constipation. Adv Ther 2014; 31: 1263-1271
• 415 Portenoy RK, Thomas J, Moehl Boatwright ML. et al. Subcutaneous methylnaltrexone for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with advanced illness: a double-blind, randomized, parallel group, dose-ranging study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35: 458-468
• 416 Slatkin N, Thomas J, Lipman AG. et al. Methylnaltrexone for treatment of opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness patients. J Support Oncol 2009; 7: 39-46
• 417 Thomas J, Karver S, Cooney GA. et al. Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2332-2343
• 418 Bull J, Wellman CV, Israel RJ. et al. Fixed-Dose Subcutaneous Methylnaltrexone in Patients with Advanced Illness and Opioid-Induced Constipation: Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study and Open-Label Extension. J Palliat Med 2015; 18: 593-600
• 419 Siemens W, Becker G. Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation: review and meta-analyses for objective plus subjective efficacy and safety outcomes. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12: 401-412
• 420 Candy B, Jones L, Vickerstaff V. et al. Mu-opioid antagonists for opioid-induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2018; 6: CD006332
• 421 Nishie K, Yamamoto S, Yamaga T. et al. Peripherally acting μ-opioid antagonist for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2019; 34: 818-829
• 422 Esmadi M, Ahmad D, Hewlett A. Efficacy of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation: A meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2019; 28: 41-46
• 423 Hale M, Wild J, Reddy J. et al. Naldemedine versus placebo for opioid-induced constipation (COMPOSE-1 and COMPOSE-2): two multicentre, phase 3, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2: 555-564
• 424 Webster L, Chey WD, Tack J. et al. Randomised clinical trial: the long-term safety and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with pain and opioid-induced constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 771-779
• 425 Chey WD, Webster L, Sostek M. et al. Naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation in patients with noncancer pain. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2387-2396
• 426 Tack J, Lappalainen J, Diva U. et al. Efficacy and safety of naloxegol in patients with opioid-induced constipation and laxative-inadequate response. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3: 471-480
• 427 Huang L, Zhou JG, Zhang Y. et al. Opioid-Induced Constipation Relief From Fixed-Ratio Combination Prolonged-Release Oxycodone/Naloxone Compared With Oxycodone and Morphine for Chronic Nonmalignant Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 54: 737-748.e3
• 428 McNicol E, Boyce DB, Schumann R. et al. Efficacy and safety of mu-opioid antagonists in the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Med 2008; 9: 634-659
• 429 Morlion BJ, Mueller-Lissner SA, Vellucci R. et al. Oral Prolonged-Release Oxycodone/Naloxone for Managing Pain and Opioid-Induced Constipation: A Review of the Evidence. Pain Pract 2018; 18: 647-665
• 430 Farmer AD, Drewes AM, Chiarioni G. et al. Pathophysiology and management of opioid-induced constipation: European expert consensus statement. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7: 7-20
• 431 Becker G, Galandi D, Blum HE. Peripherally acting opioid antagonists in the treatment of opiate-related constipation: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 34: 547-565
• 432 Ahmedzai SH, Nauck F, Bar-Sela G. et al. A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, double-dummy, parallel-group study to determine the safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate/severe, chronic cancer pain. Palliat Med 2012; 26: 50-60
• 433 Schutter U, Grunert S, Meyer C. et al. Innovative pain therapy with a fixed combination of prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone: a large observational study under conditions of daily practice. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 1377-1387
• 434 Sykes NP. An investigation of the ability of oral naloxone to correct opioid-related constipation in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Med 1996; 10: 135-144
• 435 Flöter T, Brunnmüller U. [Tilidine/naloxon retard in long-term administration in chronic pain and multimorbidity. Multicenter study of long-term tolerance and effectiveness in 2 years observation]. Fortschr Med Orig 2002; 120: 29-35
• 436 Freye E, Latasch L. Effects of tramadol and tilidine/naloxone on oral-caecal transit and pupillary light reflex. Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 50: 24-30
• 437 Freye E, Rosenkranz B, Neruda B. [Constipation after tilidine/naloxone and tramadol in comparison to codeine. A dose response study in human volunteers]. Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) 1996; 10: 254-260
• 438 Hawkes ND, Richardson C, Evans BK. et al. Effect of an enteric-release formulation of naloxone on intestinal transit in volunteers taking codeine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 625-630
• 439 Netzer P, Sendensky A, Wissmeyer MP. et al. The effect of naloxone-3-glucuronide on colonic transit time in healthy men after acute morphine administration: a placebo-controlled double-blinded crossover preclinical volunteer study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 1334-1341
• 440 Liu M, Wittbrodt E. Low-dose oral naloxone reverses opioid-induced constipation and analgesia. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23: 48-53
• 441 Robinson BA, Johansson L, Shaw J. Oral naloxone in opioid-associated constipation. Lancet 1991; 338: 581-582
• 442 Bader S, Weber M, Becker G. [Is the pharmacological treatment of constipation in palliative care evidence based? a systematic literature review]. Schmerz 2012; 26: 568-586
• 443 Hawkes ND, Rhodes J, Evans BK. et al. Naloxone treatment for irritable bowel syndrome – a randomized controlled trial with an oral formulation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 1649-1654
• 444 Kreek MJ, Schaefer RA, Hahn EF. et al. Naloxone, a specific opioid antagonist, reverses chronic idiopathic constipation. Lancet 1983; 1: 261-262
• 445 Schang JC, Devroede G. Beneficial effects of naloxone in a patient with intestinal pseudoobstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 1985; 80: 407-411
• 446 Narducci F, Bassotti G, Granata MT. et al. Functional dyspepsia and chronic idiopathic gastric stasis. Role of endogenous opiates. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 716-720
• 447 Vitton V, Damon H, Benezech A. et al. Clinical practice guidelines from the French National Society of Coloproctology in treating chronic constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30: 357-363
• 448 Schwandner O, Stuto A, Jayne D. et al. Decision-making algorithm for the STARR procedure in obstructed defecation syndrome: position statement of the group of STARR Pioneers. Surg Innov 2008; 15: 105-109
• 449 Ribaric G, DʼHoore A, Schiffhorst G. et al. STARR with CONTOUR TRANSTAR™ device for obstructed defecation syndrome: one-year real-world outcomes of the European TRANSTAR registry. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29: 611-622
• 450 Mercer-Jones MA, DʼHoore A, Dixon AR. et al. Consensus on ventral rectopexy: report of a panel of experts. Colorectal Dis 2014; 16: 82-88
• 451 Knowles CH, Grossi U, Horrocks EJ. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Graded practice and future research recommendations. Colorectal Dis 2017; 19 (Suppl. 03) 101-113
• 452 Paquette IM, Varma M, Ternent C. et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeonsʼ Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59: 479-492
• 453 Knowles CH, Grossi U, Chapman M. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results I: Colonic resection. Colorectal Dis 2017; 19 (Suppl. 03) 17-36
• 454 Dudekula A, Huftless S, Bielefeldt K. Colectomy for constipation: time trends and impact based on the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1998-2011. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42: 1281-1293
• 455 Redmond JM, Smith GW, Barofsky I. et al. Physiological tests to predict long-term outcome of total abdominal colectomy for intractable constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 748-753
• 456 Ghosh S, Papachrysostomou M, Batool M. et al. Long-term results of subtotal colectomy and evidence of noncolonic involvement in patients with idiopathic slow-transit constipation. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 1083-1091
• 457 Maeda Y, Kamm MA, Vaizey CJ. et al. Long-term outcome of sacral neuromodulation for chronic refractory constipation. Tech Coloproctol 2017; 21: 277-286
• 458 Kamm MA, Dudding TC, Melenhorst J. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for intractable constipation. Gut 2010; 59: 333-340
• 459 Dinning PG, Hunt L, Patton V. et al. Treatment efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation in slow transit constipation: a two-phase, double-blind randomized controlled crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 733-740
• 460 Graf W, Sonesson AC, Lindberg B. et al. Results after sacral nerve stimulation for chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27: 734-739
• 461 Ratto C, Ganio E, Naldini G. Long-term results following sacral nerve stimulation for chronic constipation. Colorectal Dis 2015; 17: 320-328
• 462 Patton V, Stewart P, Lubowski DZ. et al. Sacral Nerve Stimulation Fails to Offer Long-term Benefit in Patients With Slow-Transit Constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59: 878-885
• 463 Thomas GP, Dudding TC, Rahbour G. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for constipation. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 174-181
• 464 Thaha MA, Abukar AA, Thin NN. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; Cd004464
• 465 Pilkington SA, Emmett C, Knowles CH. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results V: Sacral Nerve Stimulation. Colorectal Dis 2017; 19 (Suppl. 03) 92-100
• 466 Carrington EV, Evers J, Grossi U. et al. A systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation mechanisms in the treatment of fecal incontinence and constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26: 1222-1237
• 467 Zerbib F, Siproudhis L, Lehur PA. et al. Randomized clinical trial of sacral nerve stimulation for refractory constipation. Br J Surg 2017; 104: 205-213
• 468 Yiannakou Y, Etherson K, Close H. et al. A randomized double-blinded sham-controlled cross-over trial of tined-lead sacral nerve stimulation testing for chronic constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 31: 653-660
• 469 Knowles CH, Grossi U, Horrocks EJ. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and clinical guidance: Paper 1: Introduction & Methods. Colorectal Dis 2017; 19 (Suppl. 03) 5-16
• 470 Altomare DF, Spazzafumo L, Rinaldi M. et al. Set-up and statistical validation of a new scoring system for obstructed defaecation syndrome. Colorectal Dis 2008; 10: 84-88
• 471 Palit S, Bhan C, Lunniss PJ. et al. Evacuation proctography: a reappraisal of normal variability. Colorectal Dis 2014; 16: 538-546
• 472 Hawkins AT, Olariu AG, Savitt LR. et al. Impact of Rising Grades of Internal Rectal Intussusception on Fecal Continence and Symptoms of Constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59: 54-61
• 473 Mercer-Jones M, Grossi U, Pares D. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results III: Rectal wall excisional procedures (Rectal Excision). Colorectal Dis 2017; 19 (Suppl. 03) 49-72
• 474 Köhler K, Stelzner S, Hellmich G. et al. Results in the long-term course after stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR). Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397: 771-778
• 475 Mari FS, Pezzatini M, Gasparrini M. et al. STARR with Contour Transtar for Obstructed Defecation Syndrome: Long-Term Results. World J Surg 2017; 41: 2906-2911
• 476 Grossi U, Knowles CH, Mason J. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results II: Hitching procedures for the rectum (rectal suspension). Colorectal Dis 2017; 19 (Suppl. 03) 37-48
• 477 Evans C, Stevenson AR, Sileri P. et al. A Multicenter Collaboration to Assess the Safety of Laparoscopic Ventral Rectopexy. Dis Colon Rectum 2015; 58: 799-807