D-Dimer Testing in the Diagnosis of Acute Venous Thromboembolism

• References

• 1 Hirsh J, Hoak JC. Management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1996; 93: 2212-2245.
• 2 Wells PS, Hirsh J, Anderson DR, Lensing AW, Foster G, Kearon C, Weitz J, D’Ovidio R, Cogo A, Prandoni P. Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1995; 345: 1326-1330.
• 3 Lensing AWA, Prandoni P, Brandjes DPM, Huisman PM, Vigo M, Tomasella G, Krekt J, ten Cate JW, Huisman MV, Buller HR. Detection of deep vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultra-sonography. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 342-345.
• 4 Kearon C, Julian J, Newman T, Ginsberg JS. Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. McMaster Diagnostic Imaging Practice Guidelines Initiative. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 663-677.
• 5 PIOPED. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990; 263: 2753-2759.
• 6 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Ginsberg JS, Panju AA, Brill-Edwards P, Coates G, Pineo GF. A noninvasive strategy for the treatment of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 289-297.
• 7 Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. Markers of activated coagulation and their usefulness in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 664-669.
• 8 Gaffney P. D-dimer. History of the discovery, characterization and utility of this and other fibrin fragments. Fibrinolysis 1993; 7 (Suppl. 02) 2-8.
• 9 Eisenberg PR. Does a negative D-dimer exclude thrombosis?. Fibrinolysis 1993; 7 (Suppl. 02) 32-35.
• 10 Bounameaux H, de Moerloose P, Perrier A, Reber G. Plasma measurement of D-dimer as diagnostic aid in suspected venous thromboembolism: an overview. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 1-6.
• 11 Becker DM, Philbrick JT, Bachhuber TL, Humphries JE. D-dimer testing and acute venous thromboembolism. A shortcut to accurate diagnosis?. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 939-946.
• 12 Lee AY, Ginsberg JS. Laboratory diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Bailliere’s Clin Haematol 1998; 11: 1-18.
• 13 Janssen MCH, Heebels AE, de Metz M, Verbruggen H, Wollersheim H, Janssen S, Schuurmans MM, Novakova IR. Reliability of five rapid D-dimer assays compared to ELISA in the exclusion of deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77: 262-266.
• 14 Knecht MF, Heinrich F. Clinical evaluation of an immunoturbidimetric D-dimer assay in the diagnostic procedure of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 1997; 88: 413-417.
• 15 John MA, Elms MJ, O’Reilly EJ, Rylatt DB, Bundesen PG, Hillyard CJ. The SimpliRED D-dimer test: a novel assay for the detection of crosslinked fibrin degradation products in whole blood. Thromb Res 1990; 58: 273-281.
• 16 Ginsberg JS, Wells PS, Brill-Edwards P, Donovan D, Panju A, van Beek EJ, Patel A. Application of a novel and rapid whole blood assay for D-dimer in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 35-38.
• 17 Wells PS, Brill-Edwards P, Stevens P, Panju A, Patel A, Douketis J, Massicotte MP, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Kearon C, et al. A novel and rapid whole-blood assay for D-dimer in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis. Circulation 1995; 91: 2184-2187.
• 18 Turkstra F, van Beek EJ, ten Cate JW, Buller HR. Reliable rapid blood test for the exclusion of venous thromboembolism in symptomatic outpatients [see comments]. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 9-11.
• 19 Turkstra F, van Beek EJ, Buller HR. Observer and biological variation of a rapid whole blood D-dimer test. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 91-93.
• 20 Mauron T, Baumgartner I, Z’Brun A, Demarmels Biasiutti F, Redondo M, Do DD, Lammie B, Wuillemin WA. SimpliRED D-dimer assay: comparability of capillary and citrated venous whole blood, between-assay variability, and performance of the test for exclusion of deep vein thrombosis in symptomatic outpatients [letter]. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 1217-1219.
• 21 Rowbotham BJ, Carroll P, Whitaker AN, Bunce IH, Cobcroft RG, Elms MJ, Masci PP, Bundesen PG, Rylatt DB, Webber AJ. Measurement of crosslinked fibrin derivatives: use in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1987; 57: 59-61.
• 22 Chapman CS, Akhtar N, Campbell S, Miles K, O’Connor J, Mitchell VE. The use of D-dimer assay by enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination techniques in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Clin Lab Haematol 1990; 12: 37-42.
• 23 Estivals M, Pelzer H, Sie P, Pichon J, Boccalon H, Boneu B. Prothrombin fragment₁₊₂, thrombin-antithrombin III complexes and D-dimers in acute deep vein thrombosis: effects of heparin treatment. Br J Haematol 1991; 78: 421-424.
• 24 Speiser W, Mallek R, Koppensteiner R, Stumpflen A, Kapiotis S, Minar E, Ehringer H, Lechner K. D-dimer and TAT measurement in patients with deep venous thrombosis: utility in diagnosis and judgement of anticoagulant treatment effectiveness. Thromb Haemost 1990; 64: 196-201.
• 25 Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. The selection of diagnostic tests. In: Sackett DL, Haynes R.B., Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. eds. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. 2nd ed.. Boston: Little, Brown and Company; 1991: 62-66.
• 26 Ginsberg JS, Kearon C, Douketis J, Turpie AG, Brill-Edwards P, Stevens P, Panju A, Patel A, Crowther M, Andrew M, Massicotte P, Hirsh J, Weitz JI. The use of D-dimer testing and impedance plethysmographic examination in patients with clinical indications of deep vein thrombosis [see comments]. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1077-1081.
• 27 Bernardi E, Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Angelli G, Guazzaloca G, Scannapieco G, Piovella F, Verlato F, Tomasi C, Moia M, Scarano L, Girolami A. D-dimer testing as an adjunct to ultrasonography in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: prospective cohort study. The Multicentre Italian D-dimer Ultrasound Study Investigators Group. BMJ 1998; 317: 1037-1040.
• 28 Wells PS, Ginsberg JS, Anderson DR, Kearon C, Gent M, Turpie AG, Bormanis J, Weitz J, Chamberlain M, Bowie D, Barnes D, Hirsh J. Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 997-1005.
• 29 Ginsberg JS, Wells PS, Kearon C, Anderson D, Crowther M, Weitz JI, Bormanis J, Brill-Edwards P, Turpie AG, MacKinnon B, Gent M, Hirsh J. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid whole-blood assay for D-dimer in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 1006-1011.
• 30 Perrier A, Bounameaux H, Morabia A, de Moerloose P, Slosman D, Didier D, Unger P-F, Junod A. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by a decision analysis-based strategy including clinical probability, D-dimer levels, and ultrasonography: a management study. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 531-536.
• 31 van Beek EJ, van den Ende B, Berckmans RJ, van der Heide YT, Brandjes DP, Sturk A, ten Cate JW. A comparative analysis of of D-dimer assays in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 408-413.
• 32 ACCP Consensus Committee on Pulmonary Embolism. Opinions regarding the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 1996; 109: 233-237.
• 33 Wells PS, Anderson DR, Bormanis J, Guy F, Mitchell M, Lewandowski B. SimpliRED D-dimer can reduce the diagnostic tests in suspected deep vein thrombosis [letter]. Lancet 1998; 351: 1405-1406.
• 34 Heaton DC, Billings JD, Hickton CM. Assessment of D dimer assays for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. J Lab Clin Med 1987; 110: 588-591.
• 35 Ott P, Astrup L, Jensen RH, Nyeland B, Pedersen B. Assessment of D-dimer in plasma: diagnostic value in suspected deep venous thrombosis of the leg. Acta Med Scand 1988; 224: 263-267.
• 36 Bounameaux H, Schneider PA, Reber G, de Moerloose P, Krahenbuhl B. Measurement of plasma D-dimer for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 91: 82-85.
• 37 Dale S, Gogstad GO, Brosstad F, Godal HC, Holtlund J, Mork E, Brandsnes O, Broch SM. Comparison of three D-dimer assays for the diagnosis of DVT: ELISA, latex and an immunofiltration assay (NycoCard D-dimer). Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 270-274.
• 38 Hansson PO, Eriksson H, Eriksson E, Jagenburg R, Lukes P, Risberg B. Can laboratory testing improve screening strategies for deep vein thrombosis at an emergency unit?. J Intern Med 1994; 235: 143-151.
• 39 Tengborn L, Palmblad S, Wojciechowski J. D-dimer and thrombin/antithrombin III complex-diagnostic tools in deep vein thrombosis?. Hemostasis 1994; 24: 344-350.
• 40 Scarano L, Bernardi E, Prandoni P, Sardella C, Rossi L, Carraro P, Simioni P, Girolami A. Accuracy of two newly described D-dimer tests in patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Res 1997; 86: 93-99.
• 41 Bounameaux H, Schneider PA, Slosman D, de Moerloose P, Reber G. Plasma D-dimer in suspected pulmonary embolism: a comparison with pulmonary angiography and ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1990; 1: 577-579.
• 42 Bounameaux H, Cirafici P, de Moerloose P, Schneider PA, Slosman D, Reber G, Unger PF. Measurement of D-dimer in plasma as diagnostic aid in suspected pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1991; 337: 196-200.
• 43 Goldhaber SZ, Simons GR, Elliott CG, Haire WD, Toltzis R, Blacklow SC, Doolittle MH, Weinberg DS. Quantitative plasma D-dimer levels among patients undergoing pulmonary angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism. JAMA 1993; 270: 2819-2822.
• 44 Ginsberg JS, Brill-Edwards P, Demers C, Donovan D, Panju AA. D-dimer in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest 1993; 104: 1679-1684.
• 45 Reber G, Vissac AM, de Moerloose P, Bounameaux H, Amiral J. A new, semi-quantitative and individual ELISA for rapid measurement of plasma D-dimer in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1995; 6: 460-463.
• 46 de Moerloose P, Desmarais S, Bounameaux H, Reber G, Perrier A, Dupuy G, Pittet JL. Contribution of a new, rapid, individual and quantitative automated D-dimer ELISA to exclude pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 1996; 75: 11-13.
• 47 Tardy B, Tardy-Poncet B, Viallon A, Lafond P, Page Y, Venet C, Bertrand JC. Evaluation of D-dimer ELISA test in elderly patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 38-41.