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J Reconstr Microsurg 2024; 40(03): 197-204
DOI: 10.1055/a-2110-0421
Original Article

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Free Muscle Flaps—Risk or Benefit?

Ulf Dornseifer
1   Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Isar Klinikum, Munich, Germany
,
Peter Paul Pfeiler
1   Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Isar Klinikum, Munich, Germany
,
Lukas Kargl
1   Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Isar Klinikum, Munich, Germany
,
Philipp Moog
2   Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
,
Arndt F. Schilling
3   Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
,
Milomir Ninkovic
4   Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand and Burn Surgery, Bogenhausen Academic Teaching Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Abstract

Background Application of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) on free flaps not only reduces edema but also increases the pressure from outside. The impact of these opposite effects on flap perfusion remains elusive. This study evaluates the NPWT system's influence on macro- and microcirculation of free flaps and edema reduction to better assess the clinical value of this therapy in microsurgical reconstructions.

Methods In this open-label, prospective cohort study, a total of 26 patients with free gracilis muscle flaps for distal lower extremity reconstruction were included. Flaps were covered with an NPWT (13 patients) or a conventional, fatty gauze dressing (13 patients) for 5 postoperative days (PODs). Changes in flap perfusion were analyzed by laser Doppler flowmetry, remission spectroscopy, and an implanted Doppler probe. Flap volume as a surrogate parameter for flap edema was evaluated by three-dimensional (3D) scans.

Results No flap showed clinical evidence of circulatory disturbances. The groups showed significant differences in the dynamic of macrocirculatory blood flow velocity with an increase in the NPWT group and a decelerated flow in the control group from PODs 0 to 3 and PODs 3 to 5. No significant differences in microcirculation parameters were observed. 3D scans for estimation of edema development demonstrated significant differences in volume dynamics between the groups. Flap volume of the controls increased, while the volume in the NPWT group decreased during the first 5 PODs. The volume of NPWT-treated flaps decreased even further after NPWT removal from PODs 5 to 14 and significantly more than the flap volume in the control group.

Conclusion NPWT is a safe form of dressing for free muscle flaps that enhances blood flow and results in a sustainable edema reduction. The use of NPWT dressings for free flaps should therefore be considered not only as a pure wound covering but also as a supportive therapy for free tissue transfer.

Keywords

free flap - negative pressure wound therapy - VAC - flap edema - flap perfusion

Ethical Approval

The ethics committee of the Bayerische Landesärztekammer approved the consent procedure of this clinical trial (Nr. 14087) that is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02526342). All patients gave written informed consent. The study was planned and conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (June 1964) and its subsequent amendments.


Disclosure

None of the authors has a financial interest in any of the products, devices, or drugs mentioned in this article.




Publication History

Received: 17 January 2023

Accepted: 08 June 2023

Accepted Manuscript online:
14 June 2023

Article published online:
26 July 2023

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