CC BY 4.0 · SynOpen 2023; 07(03): 374-380
DOI: 10.1055/a-2117-9971
letter

Sustainable Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Catalytic Michael Additions in Betaine-Derived Deep Eutectic Solvents

Daniela P. Fonseca
a   Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
,
Ana C. Amorim
b   Chiratecnics, LDA, PO, Rossio, Évora, 7006-802, Portugal Laboratory 007, Building A. Colégio Pedro de Fonseca, University of Évora, PITE Industrial and Technological Park, 7000 Évora, Portugal
,
c   LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
,
João P. Prates Ramalho
a   Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
c   LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
,
Gesine J. Hermann
b   Chiratecnics, LDA, PO, Rossio, Évora, 7006-802, Portugal Laboratory 007, Building A. Colégio Pedro de Fonseca, University of Évora, PITE Industrial and Technological Park, 7000 Évora, Portugal
,
d   RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 5607, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
,
Ana Rita C. Duarte
e   LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
,
Anthony J. Burke
a   Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
c   LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
› Author Affiliations
This work received financial support from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT Portugal) through the project UIDB/50006/2020 | UIDP/50006/2020. We also thank UE for attributing laboratory space to Chiratecnics.


Abstract

The organocatalyst cinchonidine-squaramide was immobilized within three different deep eutectic solvents (DESs): betaine:d-sorbitol:water, betaine: d-xylitol:water, and betaine:d-mannitol:water and evaluated in a well-known asymmetric Michael addition. These reactions provided excellent yields (up to 99%) and enantioselectivities (up to 98%) using only 1 mol% of organocatalyst. It was also possible to achieve 9 cycles in reactions with DES (betaine:d-sorbitol:water), proving the high recyclability of this system. In the reactions realized with only 0.5 mol% of organocatalyst, it was possible to achieve 5 cycles, and the products were obtained with high yields (up to 95%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94%), using DES (betaine:d-sorbitol:water).

Supporting Information



Publication History

Received: 23 March 2023

Accepted after revision: 26 June 2023

Accepted Manuscript online:
26 June 2023

Article published online:
17 August 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
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  • 18 General Procedure for Producing DESs In general, DESs result from the mixture of several components in the appropriate amounts to obtain the DES in the desired ratios. The conditions presented were optimized for each DES. The specific DES resulted from mixing 1 equiv of betaine with 1 equiv of the desired sugar and 3 equiv of water, in the case of DESs produced in the ratio 1:1:3.
  • 19 General Procedure for Asymmetric Catalytic Michael Additions 2 mL of DES solvent was added to a 25 mL round-bottom flask containing a magnetic stirring bar. 1 equiv of trans-β-nitrostyrene (2, 0.25 mmol) and 1.1 equiv of acetylacetone (1) or methyl 2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate (4, 0.275 mmol) were added to the DES. Finally, 5, 1, or 0.5 mol% of cinchonidine-squaramide (catalyst A in the Supporting Information) were added to the mixture and allowed to react for 24 h at 40 °C under sufficient stirring (this is very important as the DES by nature is viscous). The reaction was monitored by TLC and after total consumption of the starting material, extraction was performed with Hex:AcOEt (1:1, 2 × 2 mL). The crude products 3 (yellowish solid) or 5 (colorless opaque oil) isolated from the reaction mixture were directly analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC without further purification. The previously described procedure was repeated for several reaction cycles until the catalyst no longer showed catalytic activity.
  • 20 Product 3 Yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.35–7.16 (m, 5 H, ArH), 4.65 (m, 2 H, CH2), 4.38 (m, 1 H, CH), 4.27 (m, 1 H, CH), 2.29 (s, 3 H, CH3), 1.94 (s, 3 H, CH3) ppm. 13C APT-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 201.80 (C), 201.03 (C), 135.99 (CH), 129.36 (2 × CH), 128.58 (CH), 127.95 (2 × CH), 78.20 (CH2), 70.74 (CH), 42.80 (CH), 30.45 (CH3), 29.55 (CH3) ppm.
  • 21 Product 5 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.81–2.07 (m, 4 H, 2 CH2), 2.31–3.39 (m, 2 H, CH2), 3.75 (s, 3 H, CH3), 4.08 (dd, J = 4, 12 Hz, 1 H, CH), 4.98–5.04 (m, 1 H, CH2), 5.14–5.18 (m, 1 H, CH2), 7.23–7.33 (m, 5 H, ArH) ppm.12 HPLC: Daicel Chiralpak OD-H column, n-hexane/i-propanol = 95/5, 1 mL/min, 220 nm. Retention times: t major = 15.747 min, t minor = 26.280 min (minor diastereomer); t major (S,R) = 19.040 min, t minor = 27.487 min (major diastereomer).12